Journal of Pediatric Perspectives

Challenges and New Treatment in Childhood Constipation

M Sobhani Shahmirzadi

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 1-1

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2439

Abstract

Chronic Constipation is a debilitating condition that is often associated with different abdominal problem. It can cause distress for the child and family and can result in emotional ... Read More Chronic Constipation is a debilitating condition that is often associated with different abdominal problem. It can cause distress for the child and family and can result in emotional disturbance and family problem. Based on the current algorhytm, the treatment of chronic constipation consists of 4 important phases, 1: education, 2: disimpaction, 3: prevention of re-accumulation of feces and 4: follow up. Challenges in treatment are related to many issues: a) Discussing the importance of problem for parents, b) Family concern about safety and side effects of drugs, c) Adherence to long term treatment, which is often crucial but unacceptable by family, d) Amelioration of withdrawal behavior in toddlers group which don’t understand the facts, e) Planning a appropriate diet for constipation which is again unacceptable by children, f) Cost of treatment g) Anismus Besides of known treatment consist of various drugs: Biofeedback is one of the approaches that have proven benefits but with less emphasis and introduction, so application of this obsolete method needs further works. Tegaserod, a selective agonist that acts at 5-HT4 receptors and increases small bowel transit, stimulates intestinal secretion and inhibits visceral afferent responses has proven effective in the treatment of chronic constipation in adults. In children with hard stools, 5-HT4 agonist might benefit children with constipation and tendency to form hard stools, and large rectal masses. The role of this promising new agent in pediatric constipation has to be established in future studies. Pre and Probiotics: Non-digestible oligosaccharides consist mainly of fructooligosaccharides (FOS). FOS reduces fecal pH, increases the water, holding capacity of stool and fecal weight and decreases intestinal transit time. Furthermore, it has prebiotic effects by selectively stimulating the growth of probiotics bacteria, such as bifidobacteria. Surgery: If conventional therapy (dietary advice, toilet training, Oral and rectal laxatives in combination with behavioral therapy) fails, surgery may then be considered. However it is well known that current surgical approach have significant associated morbidity. An alternative surgical approach to constipation might be sacral nerve stimulation.

Clinical Protests Food Allergy in Children

P Ataei

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 2-2

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2440

Abstract

The best recognized intestinal manifestation of food allergy is food allergic (food-sensitive) enteropathy. The feature of enteropathy may include lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration, ... Read More The best recognized intestinal manifestation of food allergy is food allergic (food-sensitive) enteropathy. The feature of enteropathy may include lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration, epithelial abnormality, or crypt hyperplastic villous atrophy, and impairing absorption, enterophaty continues while the food remains in the diet, remitting on an exclusion diet, and usually recurring on food challenge. Diagnosis is now usually based on histological features at initial biopsy and clinical response to antigen exclusion and challenge. Clinical findings in food allergic enteropathy include abdominal distension, loose stools, micronutrient deficiency, and rarely protein-losing enteropathy. There may be other features of allergic disease, most commonly eczema unlike coeliac disease, food allergic enteropathies are usually transient in early life, and later challenge is usually tolerated. Cow’s milk-sensitive enteropathy (CMSE) was the first recognized food allergic enteropathy and remains the most common cause. The best-characterized syndrome is CMSE, classically presenting with chronic loose stools and failure to thrive, often beginning after an episode of gastroenteritis in a formula-fed infant. Other clinical features include abdominal distension, perianal erythema or napkin rash (due to malabsorbed dietary carbohydrates), and deratographia. Associated clinical features may include colic, gastroesophageal reflux, rectal bleeding, or eczema. There may be evidence of micronutrient deficiency, notably for iron and zinc. Up to 40% of infants with classic CMSE also sensitize to soy, often after an initial period when it is tolerated. The great majority however settle on extensively hydrolyzed formulate. Classic CMSE is usually self-limiting, with most children tolerating reintroduction at the age of 2 to 3 years. By contrast, some children may have persistent low-grade symptoms for a prolonged period. A proportion of children manifest additional immediate reactions to food antigens, such as rash, urticaria, angioedema, or anaphylaxis. However, many children suffer enteropathy without immediate reactions, and it is important to recognize that food allergic entropathy often occurs in the absence of systemic signs of food allergy. Thus, skin prick tests may be negative and specific IgE undetectable. Review of growth records in classic CMSE often shows a period of good weight gain prior to the onset of symptoms, followed by downward drift against the centiles until antigen exclusion is adequate. This presentation probably represents the loss of initially established oral tolerance.

Role of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children

M Sabbaghian

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 3-3

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2441

Abstract

Introduction: Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) are non-fatal, unknown etiology disorders with absence of a structural or biochemical explanation and accounting for up to ... Read More Introduction: Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) are non-fatal, unknown etiology disorders with absence of a structural or biochemical explanation and accounting for up to 50% of gastroenterology referrals. Infant regurgitation, rumination and cyclic vomiting constitute the vomiting disorders. Abdominal pain disorders are classified as: functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional abdominal pain, abdominal migraine and aerophagia. Disorders of defecation include: infant dyschezia, functional constipation, functional fecal retention and functional non-retentive fecal soiling. Current researches suggest a role of gut microbiota in pathogenesis of FGID and qualitative and quantitative alterations in the normal gut flora in some functional disorder such as IBS, chronic constipation and formula-fed infants which suffering colic or regurgitation have been described. Probiotics are nonpathogenic microorganisms, when they are ingested, have positive effects on the host’s health. They influence intestinal physiology by different ways. Prebiotics are non-digestible carbohydrates which promote the growth and/or activity of probiotic bacteria. Evidences for the therapeutic or preventive effect of particular probiotic strains with or without prebiotics in FGID are available in many of articles. Results are encouraging in symptomatic alleviation and improvement in quality of life in IBS, functional constipation, functional abdominal pain, infantile colic, aerophagia and infantile regurgitation. Conclusion: Different probiotic strains have different effects, so selection of strains with specific health benefits is important. In general according to review of articles, although some of specific probiotic strains can provide a health benefit in these disorders, it seems, more high-quality and long-duration placebo-con-trolled trials are required. Keywords: Functional gastrointestinal disorders, Probiotic.

Sever Gastrointestinal Caustic Injury and Surgical Treatment

A Bazrafshan

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 4-4

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2442

Abstract

Approximately 20% of caustic ingestions result in some degree of esophageal injury. Alkaline materials are the most frequent corrosive materials ingested. The ... Read More

Diagnostic Challenges in AIH

A Taghavi Ardakani

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 5-5

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2443

Abstract

Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic hepatitis that occurs in children and adults of all ages. Diagnosis is based upon characteristic serologic and histologic findings and the exclusion ... Read More

Pediatric Liver Transplant

SM Dehghani

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 6-6

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2444

Abstract

The goals of post-transplant management are to manage and treat postoperative complications, and develop a balanced long-term immunotherapy regimen that minimizes infection and side ... Read More

Refractory Celiac Disease

K Khatami

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 7-7

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2445

Abstract

Refractory celiac disease (RCD) is when malabsorption symptoms and villous atrophy persist despite strict adherence to a gluten free diet (GFD) for more than 12 months and other causes ... Read More

Treatment of Helicobacter Pylori in Children

F Famouri

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 8-8

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2446

Abstract

Childrenwith Helicobacter infection need treatment. The aim of treatment is elimination of H.Pylori. Most patients with this infection are asymptomatic and without peptic disease. Treatment ... Read More

Maintaining Respiratory Health in Cystic Fibrosis Patients

MR Modaresi

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 9-9

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2447

Abstract

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease that primarily affects the lungs and the digestive system, however, it also affects a number of other organs and systems. More than 90% ... Read More

Prebiotic and...

_ Hashemi

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 10-10

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2448

Abstract

Prebiotic: A nondigestible food ingredient that benefits the host by selectively stimulating the favorable growth and/ or activity of 1 or more indigenous prebiotic bacteria. Prebiotics ... Read More

Autoimmune hepatitis

F Motamed

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 11-11

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2449

Abstract

Autoimmune hepatitis is (AIH) is a chronic hepatitis that occurs in children and adults of all ages. It is characterized by immunologic and autoimmune features, including circulating ... Read More

Distinguishing Functional Constipation from Organic Causes in Children

MR Esmaeili

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 12-12

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2450

Abstract

The diagnosis of functional constipation (FC) is usually straightforward. Almost 95% of childhood constipation is functional in nature. The remaining 5% can be attributed to ... Read More

Effects of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

V Modaresi

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 13-13

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2451

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) including most important forms; Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC); are chronic diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract with ... Read More

Treatment of Functional Constipation

H Karami

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 14-14

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2452

Abstract

Childhood constipation is ofton a long_term problem requiring treatment over months or years. There is no single treatment metod for constipation and many children do not respond and ... Read More

Management of Food Allergy

Sh Maleknejad

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 15-15

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2453

Abstract

Although food allergy is a major public health problem, currently there is no effective and safe treatment except to avoid the foods .But the need for new options is critical now as ... Read More

Endocrine-Manifestations of Cirrhosis and Liver Disease

M Khalili

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 16-16

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2454

Abstract

The liver is involved in the synthesis and metabolism of many kinds of hormones, various abnormalities hormone levels are found in advanced liver disease. For example the liver is, ... Read More The liver is involved in the synthesis and metabolism of many kinds of hormones, various abnormalities hormone levels are found in advanced liver disease. For example the liver is, extremely sensitive to changes in insulin or glucagon levels. The liver is the primary organ of iron storage is frequently involved, diabetes is common in patients with iron overload and may be seen in cirrhosis. Chronic infection with HCV is associated with insulin resistance. Thyroid disease often accompanies chronic hepatitis C infection .Anti thyroid autoantibodies are also found in chronic HCV infection. Nonalcoholic liver disease (NAFLD)as a most common cause of chronic liver disease in western world ,as well accompanied by Type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Hypopituitarism and hypothyroidism also have been in NAFLD.The patients with NAFLD and Hypopituitarism may be susceptible to central obesity, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance leading to disease progression. Hepatic cirrhosis as the end stage of chronic liver disease is also associated with hypogonadism and signs of feminization. The peripheral metabolism of steroids is altered in many of hypogonadism, low testosterone level decreased libido, infertility, reduced secondary sex hair and gynecomastia, reduced spermatogenesis and peritubular fibrosis are found in men with cirrhosis .The normal function of the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis is affected in liver disease. In cirrhotic patients the estrogen/androgen ratio is usually increased, the level of testosterone and dihydroepiandosteron are reduced while the estradiol level are normal or slightly elevated, these alterations are dependent on the severity of the liver disease.Succsesfull orthotropic liver transplantation leads to improvement of the sex hormone disturbances. The pathogenesis of gynecomastia is due to the loss of equilibrium between estrogen and androgen caused by a feminizing state but it is due to increased estrogen precursor in cirrhosis. Here it reviews some endocrine-manifestations related to cirrhosis and the liver disease.

Moral Considerations in Pediatric Food Allergies

M Shoaran

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 17-17

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2455

Abstract

Food allergies are common health problem among children. They carry a significant risk of severe allergic reactions. These disorders are chronic conditions in which the immune system ... Read More

Healthy Diet for Fatty Liver in Children

M Nematy; SS Khayyatzadeh Manshadi

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 18-18

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2456

Abstract

Introduction: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common cause of liver disease worldwide. It has been suggested that dietary composition plays a role in NAFLD ... Read More

Diagnostic challenges in celiac disease

M Haghighat

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 19-19

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2457

Abstract

1-The most important challenge in diagnosis of celiac disease is not- performing the diagnostic tests in suspected persons. Because of multi-organ damage and multiple manifestations ... Read More

Prevalence of Gastroesophageal Reflux during First Year of Life in Infants Admitted in Pediatric Department of Imam Reza Hospital-Mashhad

MH Amirian; S Kouzegaran; A Hamedi

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 20-20

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2461

Abstract

Introduction: Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is the most common of esophageal disorder in all ages. GER defined as passage of gastric contents into the esophagus, and GER disease ... Read More

Iron and Multivitamin Supplements in Children and its Association with Growth rate

M Saeidi; R Vakili; A Khakshour; H Taghizadeh Moghaddam; MA Kiani

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 21-21

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2475

Abstract

Introduction: Vitamin deficiency and iron deficiency anemia are common nutritional problems, at least in children under 5. These materials shortage, especially in the first two years ... Read More Introduction: Vitamin deficiency and iron deficiency anemia are common nutritional problems, at least in children under 5. These materials shortage, especially in the first two years of life, impair physical and brain growth, reduces the child's learning ability, reduces body resistance against infections, behavioral changes, apathy and finally social and economic adverse consequences would be followed. This study aimed to determine the supplements used in children under two years and its Association with Growth rate in Mashhad City. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 300 children 6 to 24 months were recruited in health centers in Mashhad, Data was collected from mother and and children’ records and valid and reliable questionnaire was used to collect data. The data was analyzed by statistical tests and SPSS 11.5 and P Results: Results showed that 13.7 percent of families were with low income, 82.7 percent middle income and 3.7 percent well income. In growth chart, 86.7 percent of children showed appropriate growth, 10.3 percent had delayed growth and 3 percent had horizontal growth curve .In 80.7 percent of families, maternal multivitamin and iron drops have been used to their children regularly, 1.7 percent did not believe in these supplements and 17.7 percent of mothers sometimes used these supplements for their children. Results also showed statistical correlation significant variables of parental education, family income, mothers referred to health centers for monitoring the growth and get face to face training of personnel center drops of multivitamin with iron and growth status of children variable is available, so children who regularly have used supplements and income level and above are literate parents have grown more favorable than the other kids (P<0.05). Conclusion: Regarding the importance of iron and multivitamin use in children under two years, necessary training must be provided to mothers in this field by health centers personnel. Meanwhile, it is recommended that the authorities must distribute periodical and enough drops to health centers. Keywords:Children, Iron, Multivitamin, Growth rate, Supplements.

Congenital Rickets: Report of Four Cases

R Vakili; M Saeidi; P Eshraghi; A Ataei Nakhaei; S Vakili; A Khakshour

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 22-22

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2474

Abstract

Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency and rickets continue to be health problems in developing countries and most of the infants with congenital rickets may present with hypocalcemic seizure. ... Read More

Determinants of Nutritional Status in Children living in Mashhad, Iran

T Shafieian; LA Latiff; MH Soo Lee; M Mazidi; M Ghayour Mobarhan; G Tabatabaei; G Ferns

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 23-23

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2476

Abstract

Introduction: Children are one of the most vulnerable groups to sub-optimal nutritional intake in most societies. We have investigated some of the potential determinants of malnutrition ... Read More

Status of Hepatitis B Immunization in Medical Stuffs at Children Medical Center Hospital-Tehran

M Najafi; F Motamed; E Kiani; A Khakshour; M Saeidi

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 24-24

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2477

Abstract

Introduction: Hepatitis B is a disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is transmitted through percutaneous (i.e., puncture through the skin) or mucosal (i.e., direct contact ... Read More

Effect Supermint oil (peppermint oil) on Patient Satisfaction and the Colonoscopy team during Colonoscopy

MA Kiani; M Sabbagh; M Najafi; A Khodadad; A Khakshour; HR Kianifar; SA Jafari; M Ghayour Mobarhan; M Saeidi

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 25-25

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2478

Abstract

Introduction: Colonoscopy is an invasive method that is painful for patient especially for children. The objective of this research was investigation into the effect of supermint oral ... Read More

The Effect of Music on Pain, Anxiety and Vital Signs of Children during Colonoscopy

M Najafi; F Motamed; MA Kiani; M Sabbagh; P Attaei; M Ghayour Mobarhan; M Saeidi; A Vakilian; A Javan

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 26-26

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2479

Abstract

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the effect of music on pain, anxiety and vital signs in children undergoing colonoscopy. Method and Materials: This randomized study ... Read More

Assesment of Malnutrition in Hospitalized in Iran and Newzeland

V Moeeni; T Walls; SA Day

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 27-27

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2480

Abstract

Introduction: Hospitalized children are often at increased risk of nutritional impairment at or during admission. Objectives: The aims of this study were to (1) define the nutritional ... Read More Introduction: Hospitalized children are often at increased risk of nutritional impairment at or during admission. Objectives: The aims of this study were to (1) define the nutritional state of hospitalized children with comparison to healthy children in two different countries and (2) compare and contrast three nutritional risk screening (NRS) tools for hospitalized children in terms of the ease of completion and the validity of scores with comparison to current nutritional status. Materials and Methods: Children admitted to two paediatric teaching hospitals located in Iran and New Zealand were enrolled, along with healthy control children from the same communities. Nutritional state was assessed by anthropometry and classified as moderate/severe malnutrition according to WHO criteria. Three NRS tools (Screening Tool for the Assessment of Malnutrition (STAMP), Screening Tool for Risk On Nutritional status and Growth (STRONGkids) and Paediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Score (PYMS)) were applied to all inpatients and patients classified from low to high risk. Results: 281 inpatients and 262 controls were recruited in the two countries. The prevalence of moderate/severe under-nutrition in the Iranian inpatient group was 25.2% versus 3% in the control group, respectively (P=0.0001). The rate of under-nutrition in NZ inpatients was 9.9% versus 3.7% in the community group (P=0.04). In contrast, the prevalence of overweight/obesity in the Iranian control group was 22% compared to just 2.5% in the inpatient group (P=0.04), while there was no difference between the two groups in NZ (P=1.0). NRS tools were able to identify most of the malnourished patients in the medium to high risk groups in both countries. Conclusion: Hospitalized children have higher rates of under-nutrition than healthy children from the same community. The three NRS tools were able to identify children at nutritional risk, but with differing utility. STRONGkids appeared to be the most useful and reliable tool in both countries. Key Words: Iran, Hospitalized, Malnutrition, Newzeland.

Maternal Knowledge and Attitude toward Exclusive Breast Milk Feeding (BMF) in the First 6 Months of Infant in Mashhad-Iran

M Saeidi; BL Hoseini; R Vakili; A Khakshour

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 28-28

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2481

Abstract

Introduction: Breast milk is a complete food for growing children until 6 months of age, and mothers, as the most important child health care, play a decisive role in their growth. ... Read More

How Probiotic Reduce Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome?

M Khalesi

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 29-29

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2482

Abstract

Introduction: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder in children that may lead to anxiety, frequent physician visits and school absenteeism. The aim of ... Read More

Constipation due to Liver Disorder in Iranian Traditional Medicine`s Viewpoint

R Choopani; M Tansaz; M Movahhed; M Mokaberinejad; M Khodadoost

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 30-30

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2483

Abstract

Introduction: Constipation is one of the most common pediatric disorders.In many cases, there is no anatomic endocrineor metabolic cause in explanation of chronic constipation.More ... Read More Introduction: Constipation is one of the most common pediatric disorders.In many cases, there is no anatomic endocrineor metabolic cause in explanation of chronic constipation.More than 85% of them called functional or idiopathic.Constipation is one of the serious disease in Iranian Traditional Medicine. Besides the problem it causes, chronic constipation can be the origin of many disease. That is why, ithas been called Mother of disease.The purpose of this study is to investigate the Constipation in children and the role of other organs such as the liver by view of Iranian Traditional Medicine Materials and Method: This study is a review through Iranian traditional medicine references. At first, all the main available traditional books were reviewed. All the data about therapies of vaginal discharge in ITM were collected then classified. Results: In traditional medicine different reasons have been mentioned for constipation especially for childrenwhich most of them are similar to etiology in Modern Medicine.Constipation due to liver disorder is one of the causes of constipation.In Iranian Traditional medicine` viewpoint, one of the mechanism for excretion is existence of secreted bile in intestine.If by any reason,measure or quality of its which secreted in intestine through bile changes or if intestinal mucous secretion becomes barrier for absorbing the food,it will caused disorder in excretion and finally will lead to constipation.Well known Iranian Traditional Medicine scientists, has mentioned all reasons for liver disorders and changing quality& quantity of secreted bile .he has mentioned the solutions as well. Conclusion: It is hoped that by paying attention to constipation and with advanced clinical research we will be able to explain idiopathic constipation and prepare new ways of treatments for constipation. New researches have approved the effectiveness of these foods and drugs for treating the constipation. Keywords: Constipation, Children, Liver, Iranian Traditional Medicine.

Effect Supermint oil (Peppermint oil) on children's pain during Colonoscopy

M Najafi; F Motamed; MA Kiani; A Khakshour; M Saeidi; SA Jafari; P Attaei; M Ghayour Mobarhan; M Sabbagh; A Javan; A Vakilian

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 31-31

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2485

Abstract

Introduction: Pain during colonoscopy, especially in children, including the challenges faced by the medical team. The aim of study was investigation the analgesic effect Supermint ... Read More

Enteroaggregative Escherichia Coli (EAEC) in South of Iran

P Abbasi; M Kargar; A Doosti; J Mardaneh; S Ghorbani-Dalini; M Anvarinejad; MA Dehyadegari

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 32-32

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2486

Abstract

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence and the frequency of EAEC as etiologic agent of diarrhea in Shiraz. Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) ... Read More

Principles of Proper Nutrition in Children with Celiac Disease

H Khajavikia; N Taleschian-Tabrizi

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 33-33

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2487

Abstract

Introduction: Celiac disease (CD) is a hereditary disorder of the immune system which damages the mucosa of the small intestine caused by gluten consumption(even very small amounts). ... Read More

Comparison of Zinc Level between Neonates with Jaundice and Healathy Neonates

H Boskabadi; Gh Maamouri; H Mohsen Zadeh; MT Shakeri; M Ghayour Mobarhan

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 34-34

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2488

Abstract

Introduction: Neonatal jaundice is the most common cause of hospitalization.Animal study demonstrated a decrease in serum bililrubin level after zinc treatment in hyperbilirubinemic ... Read More

Study of Relationship between Hypernatremia in Neonates and Way of Maternal Breast Feeding

H Boskabadi; M Godarzi; M Zakerihamidi; F Bagheri

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 35-35

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2489

Abstract

Introduction: The extreme reduction in breast milk intake during the first days of life leads to weight loss, kidney failure and hypernatremia. The aim of this study was to examine ... Read More Introduction: The extreme reduction in breast milk intake during the first days of life leads to weight loss, kidney failure and hypernatremia. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between hypernatremia in neonates and way of maternal breastfeeding in hospitalized infants in Ghaem Hospital of Mashhad. Materials and Methods: After obtaining parental consent, 687 infants referred to the neonatal ward and clinic of Ghaem hospital of Mashhad participated in this cross-sectional study. First, complete history of the mother and baby regarding pregnancy and delivery problems, way of breastfeeding, and the first time of lactation beginning were obtained. Then neonates were divided into two groups of normal and hypernatremia (sodium≥150 mg/dl) according to the amount of blood sodium level. Data was analyzed using correlation tests, chi-square, t test and Mann-Whitney tests with SPSS software (version 11.5). Results: According to the findings of this study, the average age (P=0.911), Apgar scores (P=0.192), time of the first lactation (P=0.081) and breast feeding duration (P=o.108) showed no statistically significant difference between normal and hypernatremia groups. But the admission weight (P=0.011), times of lactation (P=0.108), breast-feeding status (P=0.001), let down reflex in mother’s breast (0.001), kind of nutrition (P=o.oo1), breast filling after childbirth and lactation (P=0.000), and breast softening after breast-feeding (P=0.000), urination frequency (P=0.000), defecation frequency (P=0.000) and duration of maternal hospitalization (P=0.007) showed statistically significant difference between the groups. Conclusion: Neonatal weight control, times of lactation, lactation status, breast changes during breast feeding and frequency of urination and defecation may be effective in the early detection of the reduced breast milk intake and the control of the related complications. Key Words: Breast Feedinf, Breast Milk, Hypernatremia, Neonate, weight loss.

Oral Zinc Supplementation for the Treatment of Acute Diarrhea

Sh Gheibi; Z Kousehlou; Z Sahebazzamani

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 36-36

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2490

Abstract

Introduction: Diarrheal diseases are a serious health problem and important causes of growth retardation and death in the developing world, especially those of prolonged duration. Since ... Read More

Diagnostic Accuracy of Polyclonal Stool Antigen for Detection of Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Children

E Khodashenas; SA Jafari; HR Kianifar; A Khakshour; S Hiradfar; N Zabolinejad

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 37-37

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2491

Abstract

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori infection has various clinical features. One of the most common presentations of this infection is upper abdominal pain. Complications such as gastritis, ... Read More

Children Sedation during Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Comparison of Two Methods

E Khodashenas; HR Kianifar; J Akhondian; A Sharifian; M Pirozi

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 38-38

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2492

Abstract

Introduction: Endoscopy is an invasive and painful procedure in children. Since children can not tolerate pain and stress, sedation is necessary in pediatric endoscopy. The aim of ... Read More

Special Formula in the Pharmaceutical Market

B Imani; F Kalani

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 39-39

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2493

Abstract

Introduction: Infants born with congenital anomalies demand individualized nutritional evaluations and recommendations. The anatomical changes of neonatal surgical diseases create specific ... Read More Introduction: Infants born with congenital anomalies demand individualized nutritional evaluations and recommendations. The anatomical changes of neonatal surgical diseases create specific physiological constraints.Patients with different congenital anomalies have different nutritional support needs. It is essential to know the exact physiology of these anomalies in order to be able to manage and provide them with appropriate and suitable nutritional supports. This article reviews several nutrition-centered options to aid the medical provider caring for babies with common surgical diseases. Method and Materials: Medline searches were performed using the keywords congenital anomalies, gastroesophageal reflux, motility, nutrition and the text word nutrition in congenital GI anomalies . Bibliographies of recent review articles and relevant primary research reports, as well as Current Contents of ASPEN, ESPEGHAN guidelines were reviewed for additional relevant citations. This article describes the nutritional needs of infants with congenital anomalies that require surgical repair or palliation. It is limited to several commonly encountered surgical diseases of infants: • Foregut and midgut anomalies (esophageal atresia / tracheoesophageal fistula, intestinal atresia, malrotation) • Pulmonary hypoplasia: congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and lung malformations • Abdominal wall defects (giant omphalocele, gastroschisis) • Diseases treated with enterostomy (eg, Hirschsprung’s disease [HD], imperforate anus Discussion: Infants born with congenital anomalies demand individualized nutritional evaluations and recommendations. Just within general and thoracic pediatric surgery, diseases include congenital anomalies in the infant, common acquired conditions such as pyloric stenosis and necrotizing enterocolitis, trauma, feeding tube placement, and organ transplantation. With the exception of the surgical repair itself, few interventions hold greater power to alter the outcome of these problems than attention to nutrition. To successfully support these patients, the dietitian must understand not only the essential details of these diseases but also the particular ways that the diseases and their surgical treatments impose demands and constraints on nutritional support. Nutritional challenges commonly include delayed oral feeding, GER, dysmotility of the distal esophagus and strictures each of which needs different kind of support and management will be discussed specifically in this article. Keywords: Congenital Anomalies, Gastroesophageal Reflux, Motility, Nutrition.

Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis: An Uncommon Cause of Chronic Renal Failure

A Azarfar; MA Kiani; Ag Keykhosravi; Y Ravanshad

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 40-40

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2494

Abstract

Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis (CHF) is a rare disease that affects both the liver and kidneys. Congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF) is an autosomal recessive inherited malformation ... Read More

Prevention of Malnutrition in Children, Slimming Yesterday, Obesity Today

S Sharafi; M Razi; Z Pouresmail

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 41-41

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2495

Abstract

Introduction: The future of any nation depends on how its children's care, According to their likely future health needs of the adult population model for healthy living and wealth ... Read More

Anesthesia related Complications in Pediatric GI Endoscopy

A Sabzevari; M Gharavi; MA Kiani; A Peivandi Yazdi; E Ghorbanian; M Joudi

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 42-42

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2496

Abstract

Introduction: Elective upper and lower GI endoscopy is usually performed in children on an outpatient basis with the child under sedation or general anesthesia (GA). The objective of ... Read More

Treatment of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children and Future Challenges

K Eftekhari

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 43-43

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2497

Abstract

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are a common problem in children. These disorders in children are classified into the following categories according to the ROME III classification: ... Read More Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are a common problem in children. These disorders in children are classified into the following categories according to the ROME III classification: Functional Dyspepsia, Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), Abdominal Migraines, Childhood Functional abdominal pain (FAP), Childhood functional abdominal pain syndrome and functional constipation. FGIDs are diagnosed based on history and normal physical examination provided that there is no evidence of underlying disease such as anatomical abnormalities, infectious, inflammatory and malignancies. This group of poorly defined diseases represent a huge treatment challenge to the specialist, because, until now there is no therapy that has been effective in improving the symptoms. FGIDs also cause deep family problems as the disease interrupts their routine and positive response to treatment is rarely seen. On the other hand there is no objective document of the disease neither endoscopic, radiologic nor pathologic. Therapeutic strategies of FGIDs are: education and parent's assurance, detection and modifying physical and psychological stress, dietary intervention, pharmacological treatment, psychotherapy and other complementary medical treatments. Some foods may trigger the illness such as coffee, fatty foods and spicy foods, therefore they should be avoided. Lactose-free diet cannot improve symptoms of FGIDs, except in children with lactose intolerance. The beneficial effect of fiber supplement in children with FGIDs remains unknown but it has been useful in adults with IBS. Probiotics have potential efficacy in treating IBS but the efficacy in children with FGIDs remains uncertain and needs to be further studied. In patients with severe symptoms, pharmacological agents can be effective. These drugs include Antacids, Prokinetics, Anticholinergic, Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAS) and Serotonergic agents (Agonists and anti agonists). Psychotherapy in FAP and IBS is preferred rather than standard drug treatments. Cognitive Behavioral treatment is useful in children with RAP and hypnotherapy in adults with IBS. Complementary and alternative therapies include massage therapy, acupuncture and traditional medicine such as Peppermint oil, Fumitory, Ginger and Zingier could have a role in treatment of FGIDs. Keywords: Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (FGIDs), Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), ROME III, Functional Abdominal Pain (FAP), Psychotherapy.

Role of Probiotics in the Management of Helicobacter Pylori Infection

A Zare Javid; N Niknezhad

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 44-44

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2498

Abstract

Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped, microaerophilic organism that colonizes the stomach of humans and causes chronic-active gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric ... Read More Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped, microaerophilic organism that colonizes the stomach of humans and causes chronic-active gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancers, including adenocarcinoma of the stomach and MALT (mucosal-associated lymphoid tumor) lymphomas. H. pylori colonizes the stomach of over 50 % the world’s human population, primarily those who reside in developing nations. Infection is generally first acquired in children, who may be entirely asymptomatic, and then persists for life, unless specific eradication therapy is initiated. All infected individuals have mucosal inflammation in the stomach in response to the organism, but only a subset will develop disease complications, such as an ulcer in the stomach or proximal duodenum and cancer in either the body or the antrum of the stomach. It is estimated that the lifetime risk of developing peptic ulceration is roughly 15%. However, this is an exceedingly important disease, because it has serious morbidity and mortality. Eradication of H. pylori infection is not successful when using antibiotics as monotherapy or dual therapy using combinations of an acid-suppressing agent and an antibiotic or two antibiotics without acid blockage. Multiple studies show that some probiotic strains can inhibit the growth of H. pylori. To date, probiotics do not appear to have a role as sole therapy for use in the prevention or treatment of H. pylori infection. However, there is increasing evidence that a variety of probiotic agents are useful as adjunctive therapy, which can both enhance the success of eradicating the gastric pathogen while, reduce the frequency and severity of adverse effects arising from the other agents that are employed in current combination treatment regimens. Future studies should assess the role of prebiotics and synbiotics and products derived from probiotics as additional options for use in the prevention and treatment of H. pylori infection in humans. Key words: Probiotic, Helicobacter pylori

The Role of Probiotics in the Prevention and Treatment of Diarrhea in Children

M Razi; Z Pouresmail; S Sharafi

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 45-45

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2499

Abstract

Introduction: Diarrhea remains a major cause of death in children under 5 years are considered. However, following the overuse of antibiotics and the arbitrary use of broad-spectrum ... Read More

Viewpoints of Iranian Traditional Medicine about Child Nutrition

R Mokaberinejad; R Choopani; M Tansaz; M Khodadoost; M Movahhed

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 46-46

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2500

Abstract

Introduction: Optimal child development necessitates proper nutrition in childhood. Despite of improvements in child nutrition, there are still lots of challenges in proper child nutrition ... Read More Introduction: Optimal child development necessitates proper nutrition in childhood. Despite of improvements in child nutrition, there are still lots of challenges in proper child nutrition which shows the necessity of using the Past experiences more than ever. Despite of particular interest of Iranians to cardinal humors (temperaments), unfortunately, families and medical staffs are not appropriately familiar with these important issues. Whereas Traditional Medicine tries to protect & promote health through humors and temperaments that, unfortunately, these days this issue is not considered as noteworthy matter, this study tries to bring up new dimensions of child nutrition through different attitude. Materials and Methods: Research methodology of this study is library research which surveys principles of child nutrition on some Iranian Traditional Medicine scientists ` works. Results: According to Iranian Traditional Medicine findings, there are particular rules in child nutrition. Some important rules are: 1-Food with special properties, play important role in child development like mutton, beans. 2-Food combination also can help child development and decrease the side effects of some foods like combination of thyme and yogurt. 3-There are simple and practical instructions in Iranian Traditional Medicine for preventing and treating some disease like common cold and viral gastroenteritis. So, use of these instructions can decrease the use of medications in children. Effectiveness of some instructions has also been approved in modern medicine. 4- Incompatible food combination is one of the important issues in child nutrition that paying attention to it can promote children health. Conclusion: Since the physical health and mental health of children necessitate proper nutrition; families` knowledge (specially mothers) about children`s food requirements can help children to have appropriate food program. It is hoped that with further research in this field & using the scientists` experiences of Iranian Traditional medicine, we will be able to play an important role in children health who are the future of our society. Keywords: Nutrition, Children, Development, Iranian Traditional Medicine

Hepatitis E among Pregnant Women in Urmia, Iran

Z Rostamzadeh Khameneh; N Sepehrvand; Dr. khalkhali; Z Shirmohamadi

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 47-47

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2501

Abstract

Introduction: Although the hepatitis E virus mostly causes a self-limited disease in general population, but the disease is more severe in pregnant women. Hepatitis E accounts for about ... Read More

The Role of Evidence Based Nursing in Prevention of Gastrointestinal Side Effects of Chemotherapy in Children with Cancer

Z Pouresmail; S Sharafi; M Razi

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 48-48

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2502

Abstract

Introduction: Today, due to the broad spectrum of pediatric cancers are treated by the chemotherapy drugs, but these drugs have side effects and gastrointestinal toxicity is the most ... Read More

Caustic Ingestions

M Rafeey; L Vahedi; M Shoaran

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 49-49

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2503

Abstract

Prevention has a main role in reducing the occurrence of corrosive ingestion especially in children, yet this goal is far from being reached in developing countries, where such injuries ... Read More

Nutritional Assesment in Cystic Fibrosis Patients( Iran and Newzeland)

V Moeeni; P Shojaee; HR Kianifar; T Walls; P Pattemore; AS Day

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 50-50

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2504

Abstract

Introduction: Patients with Cystic Fibrosis have increased risk of malnutrition. Early detection of nutritional deterioration enables prompt intervention and correction. The aims of ... Read More

Functional Disoders of Gastreointestinal System

H Shafagh

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 51-51

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2505

Abstract

Based on Rome III criteria, functional disorders of GI are listed below: Infant regurgitation: -regurgitation two or more times per day for 3 or more weeks -no retching, ... Read More

Metabolic Disturbances in Children with Chronic Liver Disease

A Rezaeian; E Ghayebi; F Amiri Moghadam; E Shajari

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 52-52

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2506

Abstract

Introduction: Liver disease results in complex pathophysiologic disturbances affecting nutrient digestion, absorption, distribution, storage, and use. This article aimed to present ... Read More Introduction: Liver disease results in complex pathophysiologic disturbances affecting nutrient digestion, absorption, distribution, storage, and use. This article aimed to present a classification of metabolic disturbances in chronic liver disease in children? Materials and Methods: In this review study databases including proquest, pubmedcentral, scincedirect, ovid, medlineplus were been searched with keyword words such as” chronic liver disease" ” metabolic disorder””children” between 1999 to 2014. Finally, 8 related articles have been found. Results: Metabolic disorder in this population could be categorized in four set: 1)carbohydrates, 2)proteins,3) fats and 4)vitamins. 1) Carbohydrates: Children with CLD are at increased risk for fasting hypoglycemia, because the capacity for glycogen storage and gluconeogenesis is reduced as a result of abnormal hepatocyte function and loss of hepatocyte mass. 2) Proteins: The liver’s capacity for plasma protein synthesis is impaired by reduced substrate availability, impaired hepatocyte function, and increased catabolism. This results in hypoalbuminemia, leading to peripheral edema and contributing to ascites. Reduced synthesis of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and its binding protein IGF-BP3 by the chronically diseased liver results in growth hormone resistance and may contribute to the poor growth observed in these children. 3) Fats: There is increased fat oxidation in children with end-stage liver disease in the fed and fasting states compared with controls, which is probably related to reduced carbohydrate availability. The increased lipolysis results in a decrease in fat stores, which may not be easily replenished in the setting of the fat malabsorption that accompanies cholestasis. Reduced bile delivery to the gut results in impaired fat emulsification, and hence digestion. The products of fat digestion are also poorly absorbed, because bile is also required for micelle formation. In various liver diseases, there may be reduced bile production by inadequately functioning hepatocytes, reduced hepatocyte excretion into the bile canaliculus (as in PFIC), or obstruction to biliary flow. The circulating bile salt pool may be depleted secondary to treatment with binding agents, such as cholestyramine, which is often prescribed for pruritus in cholestatic patients. Pancreatic insufficiency may further exacerbate fat malabsorption in certain cholestatic liver diseases. Vitamins: Fat malabsorption occurs in cholestatic disorders, and one must also consider any accompanying fat-soluble vitamin and essential fatty acid deficiencies.Breastfed infants with CLD are at high risk for vitamin D and K deficiencies. Conclusion: The clinician should proactively evaluate, treat, and re-evaluate response to treatment of nutritional deficiencies. Because a better nutritional state is associated with better survival before and after LT, aggressive nutritional management is an important part of the care of these children.

Mineral Requirements in Children with Chronic Liver Disease

A Rezaeian; E Ghayebi; MT Yazdan Panah; Gh Rahmanian; A Golestani

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 53-53

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2507

Abstract

Introduction: Decreased oral intake or impaired function / structure in the gut, such as hypertension port associated with atrophic changes in the protein nutrition - calories can lead ... Read More Introduction: Decreased oral intake or impaired function / structure in the gut, such as hypertension port associated with atrophic changes in the protein nutrition - calories can lead to micronutrient deficiencies.This paper examines the status of micronutrients in chronic liver disease in children. Materials and Methods: In this review study databases including proquest, pubmedcentral, scincedirect, ovid, medlineplus were been searched with keyword words such as” chronic liver disease"” minerals””children” between 1999 to 2014. Finally, 3 related articles have been found. Results: In chronic liver disease changes in micronutrient metabolism lead to changes in the daily requirements, such that in certain circumstances intake increasing or decreasing is needed. Low serum calcium and phosphate concentrations are often the reflection of malabsorption-induced bone disease that is unresponsive to vitamin D store normalization. Iron is usually deficient in children with CLD and supplementation frequently needed. The origin of iron deficiency is multifactorial and includes ongoing losses, inadequate intakes, serial blood draws and malabsorption secondary to hypertensive enteropathy. Zinc plays an important role in cognitive function, appetite and taste, immune function, wound healing, and protein metabolism. Low plasma zinc levels are frequent in children with chronic cholestasis, but unfortunately plasma concentrations are not reflective of total body zinc status. Copper and manganese, unlike other minerals, are increased in CLD, because they are normally excreted through bile. Parenteral nutrition in cholestatic patients can induce manganese intoxication and accumulation in basal ganglia. Conclusion: In fants with CLD are prone to multiple nutritional deficiencies. Mineral state should be evaluated, treated and reevaluated, until sufficient daily requirement achieved. Poster Presentation, N 33

Gluten - Not a Friendly Protein

E Tafreshi; A Jafarzade Noghani; B Khairkhah; M Yazdani; S Seddighi; S khayam

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 54-54

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2514

Abstract

Introduction: Gluten is a protein found in grains. Research has shown that the gluten that is in grains of wheat, barley, rye, and oats (to a lesser degree) is toxic to many ... Read More Introduction: Gluten is a protein found in grains. Research has shown that the gluten that is in grains of wheat, barley, rye, and oats (to a lesser degree) is toxic to many individuals. While gluten is essential for the make-up of these 4 grains, our bodies do not need it. Is it healthful? The protein in today’s wheat is poorly digested and can be harmful. An estimated 95% of prepared foods on the grocery shelves contain the toxic forms of gluten. Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: When Gluten Gets into Our Bloodstream Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity is an immune response to gluten that can happen to anyone. This type of response is not inherited like Celiac Disease. Rather, it involves a normal response to the abnormal appearance of gluten in the body. Health problems result from eating too much gluten in the diet (overload) and/ or the development of a common condition called “Leaky Gut Syndrome.” Mild problems include fatigue and anxiety. However, if the overload of gluten or the intestinal “leakiness” is prolonged, gluten can wreak havoc with consequences like migraine, arthritis, and ADHD. Celiac Disease: When Gluten Harms Our Digestive Tract Celiac Disease is an inherited susceptibility to physical and mental harm from eating gluten. Once triggered, an auto-immune response causes inflammation and damage to vital tissues lining the small intestine, which in turn, results in failure to absorb nutrients in food. Various degrees of damage may occur at any time and at any age. In the majority of people born with the susceptibility, there are few telltale signs, so that most of us are not aware that we carry this genetic capability to make auto-immune antibodies. Left untreated, active Celiac Disease can lead to serious health consequences. Making the connection to Celiac Disease may be difficult, unless there are classic problems like abdominal bloating, pain, heartburn, or diarrhea. Symptom Guide: Manifestations of Gluten Damage to Our Bodies This section details the many different and seemingly unrelated effects that can be caused by gluten damage. The GlutenFreeWorks Symptom Guide identifies manifestations in an easy to access format. Testing for Celiac Disease and Gluten Sensitive Disorders Diagnosis starts with a high degree of suspicion, meaning the doctor needs to look for symptoms based on an accurate health history and a complete physical examination. Testing begins with bloodwork looking for the presence of 1) auto-immune antibodies that are produced against our own cells because of gluten and 2) specific antibodies that are directed against gluten itself. Treatment: The essential treatment for Celiac Disease and other gluten sensitive disorders is a gluten-free diet. More than this, here you can learn the following six key elements for better management as advanced by the National Institutes for Health: Consultation with a skilled dietitian Education about celiac disease Lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet Identification and treatment of nutritional deficiencies and other manifestations Access to an advocacy group Continuous long-term follow-up by a multidisciplinary team

Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Use in Pediatric Diseases: A Short Review

MR Noras; M Yousefi; MA Kiani

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 55-55

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2515

Abstract

CAM (Complementary and Alternative Medicine) therapies have become increasingly popular in pediatric populations. phytotherapy are the most common CAM used in children. Yet, little ... Read More

Viewpoints of Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM) about Etiology of Pediatric Constipation

MR Noras; MA Kiani

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 56-56

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2516

Abstract

Constipation in children is a common health problem affecting 0.7% to 29.6% children across the world. Exact etiology for developing symptoms is not clear in children and the majority ... Read More

Comparative Study of Frequency and Severity of Neonatal Jaundice without a Known Etiology in Two Groups of Term Neonate Born Via Cesarean Section and Vaginal Delivery

Ash Farhat; L Hafizi; A Mohammadzadeh; M Hasanzadeh; MT Poorhosieni

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 57-57

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2517

Abstract

Introduction: Neonatal jaundice has a significant prevalence, and in severe cases, causes permanent neurological Sequela. Many studies have carried out on neonatal jaundice and its ... Read More

Gastrointestinal Anomalies in Imam Reza Hospital Deliveries- Mashhad Iran

A Mohammadzadeh; Ash Farhat

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 58-58

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2519

Abstract

Introduction: Congenital gastrointestinal (GI) malformation occurs due to mal development of GI organs. The diagnosis is based on clinical exam and radiography. The aim of this study ... Read More

Assessment the Relationship between Parents' Literacy Level with Children Growth in Mashhad: An Analytic Descriptive Study

Bibi Leila Hoseini; M Saeidi; R Vakili; MA Kiani; M Rabiei; A Khakshour; SM Rasti Sani

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 59-59

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2521

Abstract

Introduction: Present children are the investments of community in the future. Preparing children health which leads to the stability of community health, provided to accurate implementation ... Read More

Survey of Effect Peppermint on Pyloric Spasm in Children During Endoscopy

S Partovi; MA Kiani; E Poursoltani; A Khakshour; M Sabbagh

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 60-60

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2529

Abstract

Introduction: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy is as a diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases in children. Due to severe response and spastic in the muscles of ... Read More

Maternal Knowledge and Practice in Mashhad City about Breast-feeding in First 6 -Month of Infant's Life

S Tehranian; P Shojaee; S Jafarzadeh; HR Kianifar; Sa Jafari

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 61-61

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2544

Abstract

Introduction: Breastfeeding is an important principle in pediatric health. It decreases their mortality and protect them fromm diseases in the first 6-month of life. This study aimed ... Read More

Effect Supermint oil (Peppermint oil) on the Patient's and Colonoscopy Team Satisfaction During Colonoscopy in Children

A Khodadad; MA Kiani; M Najafi; A Khakshour; M Saeidi; SA Jafari; M Ghayour Mobarhan

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 62-62

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2530

Abstract

Introduction: Colonoscopy is an invasive method that is painful for patient especially for children. The objective of this research was investigation of the effect of supermint oral ... Read More

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Treatment

M Sadeghian; A Torabi

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 63-63

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2531

Abstract

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing in pediatric age group parallel to the growing prevalence of obesity and overweight all around the world. So changing in life ... Read More

Mebeverine for Pediatric Functional Abdominal Pain: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Z Pourmoghaddas; H Saneian; H Roohafza; A Gholamrezaei

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 64-64

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2532

Abstract

Introduction: Few studies are conducted on the efficacy of antispasmodics in the treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders in children. We evaluated the effectiveness of ... Read More

Survey of Caustic Ingestion Symptoms in Children

H Yarmohammadi; N Yarmohammadi; M Mohammadpur

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 65-65

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2533

Abstract

Introduction: Complications of caustic ingestion swallowing in children of singe to gullet severe stricture and andoscopic actions and multiple surgeries Is different that increase ... Read More Introduction: Complications of caustic ingestion swallowing in children of singe to gullet severe stricture and andoscopic actions and multiple surgeries Is different that increase the risk of gastrointestinal perforation and gastrointestinal malignancies ..... Because Acid substances have bad taste and these are tissue coalescence in location of contact thus attribute alkali make lose of injury. In other words,alkalis substance are weak and attribute to acids make a more severe tissue damage.but,in any form, acids and alkalis conscious Serious damage to the gastrointestinal tract, particularly the esophagus if swallowed. Pipe solutions, batterie water, disinfectant, liquid bleach, detergen, salt ink,….are torrid substance that make a esophageal burns fairly common in children. Results: Acidic or alkaline Caustic ingestion in children 1 to 5 years old. Severe burns Ingestion pipe , battery water, solid, strong alkaline compound that is used as a pipe ) are more common . house hold bleach swallowing ,shampoo,Soap in low value make a little damage to the gastrointestinal tract; but how ever this children in first opportunities should Be examined by physician. Materials and Methods: This study is review of studies motor research google, pubmed, web of knowledge, science direct, Cochrane and were used of key words: symptoms, swallow, torrid substances, children. Conclusions: torrid substances Swallowing in children often occurs randomise. Symptoms include runny mouth, restlessness , difficulty or painful swallowing , vomiting blood, abdominal pain and mouth burns and lips . Note that inflammation may be a little sore around the mouth and inward lips not seen the baby's mouth , but contemporary, severe burns of the esophagus exist should be taken to the phisision. The most effective action about torrid substances Swallowing by children ,is prevent it. Due to the importance in many national poisoning , provide specialized information . Due to the caustic ingestion in children is easily preventable , it is necessary importance to family physicians and the public Health Personnel be clear. Media , newspapers , radio and tv have effective role in increasing awareness poisoning , especially the poisoning by acids substances. Key words: Children, Symptoms, Swallow, Torrid Substances.

Evaluation of Antibody Response to Polysaccharide Vaccine and Switched Memory B Cells in Pediatric Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Gh Fallahi; A Aghamohammadi; A Khodadad; M Hashemi; P Mohammadinejad; H Asgarian-Omran; M Najafi; F Motamed; Kh Soleimani; H Soheili; N Parvaneh; B Darabi; R Nasiri Kalmarzi; Sh Pourhamdi; H Abolhassani; B Mirminachi; N Rezaei

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 66-66

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2534

Abstract

Background/Aims: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disease of the gastrointestinal tract, whose etiologies are still unknown. This study was performed to evaluate the humoral ... Read More

The Study of Levofloxacin Effects on Liver Tissue in Wistar Rat

N Vahidieyerisofla; M Ahmadi Far; M RabieeGolmakani; A Mohammad Eini

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 67-67

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2535

Abstract

Introduction In this study, we examined the effects of the antibiotics levofloxacin on the liver as well as its devastating effects which are ensued from its over-prescription. Levofloxacin ... Read More Introduction In this study, we examined the effects of the antibiotics levofloxacin on the liver as well as its devastating effects which are ensued from its over-prescription. Levofloxacin serves as one of the antibiotics of genitourinary system and inferior respiratory system. Since liver is the foremost organ that receives all the materials absorbed by intestine through the portal vein, and it is the organ that must neutralize venoms, the toxic effect of most medications on liver manifest itself quicker than other organs. Materials and Methods: for this study, 50 series of male rats from the strains of Wistar were used; the rats were eight weeks old and had a weight of about 250 g. During the study which lasted 60 days, the rats were exposed to lightness and then darkness for 12 hours respectively. The room temperature stood at 24.7-26.4 ° C as its moisture was counted as %55-60.30 series of rats were divided into three groups, receiving the antibiotics with different dilutions; 250,500 and 750 ml; the drug is taken orally. 20 series of rats were put in to the two groups—control and sham; the first group received treatment as the sham group received water through gavage. After the completion of this round, blood samples were taken from all groups, and dispatched to laboratory for medical diagnosis. The rats were then anesthetized with ether and slit open from the peritoneal area as transverse-abdominal cut, letting the liver out of the body; the samples of the liver tissue were stabilized in 10% formalin and sent to pathology laboratory for block making and preparing the slides. Result: Comparing the enzyme levels of SGOT and SGPT in the treatment, control and sham groups, it represented that there was a rise in the enzyme levels as a result of liver damage caused by taking antibiotics. Observing the microscopic slides of the liver tissue of the treatment group, it suggests sinusoid destruction, the loss of bile ducts, irregular placement of adjacent cells and the absence of Kupffer cells, which in turn confirms the negative effect of levofloxacin on liver tissue. Conclusion: Like other medications, levofloxacin can exert adversary effects as well as positive effects. Since one of the tissues which is susceptible to this effect is liver, we must bear in mind when it comes to prescribing this medication. Key words: Antibiotic, Levofloxacin, Liver .

Evaluation of Bone Mineral Density in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL)

A Ghasemi; A Banihashem; N Ghaemi; S Elmi; H Esmaeili; R Erfani Sayyar; Sam Elmi

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 68-68

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2536

Abstract

Introduction: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) are the most common childhood and adolescence malignancy respectively.Due to the increasing survival ... Read More Introduction: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) are the most common childhood and adolescence malignancy respectively.Due to the increasing survival of these children, today late side effects of treatments are important. Therapies such as corticosteroids, cytotoxic and radiotherapy effect on bone density and put the child at risk of osteoporosis and pathological fractures. Material and Methods: This 3-year cross sectional study was performed in Dr. Sheikh Children's Hospital in Mashhad on 50 children with ALL (n=25) and NHL (n=25). Half of them were received (n= 25) chemotherapy alone and half of them chemotherapy plus radiotherapy (n=25). All children were in the remission phase. We assessed them by DEXA bone mineral densitometry (BMD) on the lumbar spine and femoral neck (hip). We also measured some bone biomarkers include calcium (ca), phosphorus (p), parathoromone (PTH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in plasma. Results by age, height, sex and Body Mass Index (BMI) were adjusted with a special software. Results: Mean age was 8.28 ± 3.93 years. There was no significant difference on bone biomarkers (Ca, P, ALP.PTH) between ALL, NHL and also between the two treatment groups. Children with ALL had lower density at the hip and lumbar spine. (Respectively p value < 0.001 and p value =0.018 ) . A total of 50 patients, the hip BMD showed normal results in 3 patients (6%) , in 14 patients (28%) osteopenia were seen and 33 patients (66%) had osteoporosis. In whom received radiotherapy plus chemotherapy, one patient had normal BMD and 24 patients (48% of total patients) at the hip and 22 patients (44%) at lumbar spine had decreased BMD. In contrast, in whom had only chemotherapy, 24 patients (48%) had osteoporosis at hip and 23 (46%) at the lumbar spine. There was no significant difference in BMD between the sexes. Conclusion: Given that 94% of children had abnormal bone density, Seem to pay more attention to the metabolic status and BMD in children with cancer can develop appropriate strategies to improve health and quality of their life. Keywords: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Bone Mineral Density, chemotherapy, Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL), Radiotherapy.

Infective Endocarditis in Children Hospitalized During 10 Years in Imam Reza Hospital- Mashhad

H Mottaghi Moghadam; M Horri; S Elmi; N Motevalli Haghi; R Erfani Sayyar; Sh Rahmani; Sam Elmi

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 69-69

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2537

Abstract

Introduction: Infective endocarditis is a rare, fatal ,with high morbidity in children, Since infective endocarditis in children was not assessed in our conditions so our study was ... Read More

The Efficacy of Citalopram in the Treatment of Functional Abdominal Pain in Children: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

Z Pourmoghaddas; H Saneian

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 70-70

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2538

Abstract

Introduction: Limited data are available on the effectiveness of antidepressants in the treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders in children. We evaluated the effectiveness ... Read More

Study on Endoscopic Results in Children Admitted with Caustic Ingestion at Ghaem Hospital in 2011-2013

MA Kiani; M Zakerian; E Roudi; M Sabbagh

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 71-71

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2539

Abstract

Introduction: Esophagus injuries secondary to caustic ingestion occurs frequently in children. Oral damages cannot give us a clear image of what has happened in upper GI. Therefore ... Read More

Wilson’s Disease: Nutrition Support

M Ghayour-Mobarhan; M Mazidi

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 72-72

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2540

Abstract

Wilson’s disease (WD) or hepato-lenticular degeneration is a rare autosomal-recessive disorder. A prevalence rate of 30 cases per million and a birth incidence rate of one per ... Read More

Comparison of Growth Impairment in Pediatric Patients with ALL, NHL Treated with Chemotherapy alone and Chemoradiotherapy

A Ghasemi; A Banihashemi; N Ghaemi; S Elmi

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 73-73

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2541

Abstract

Introduction: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) and Non Hodgkin’s Lymphoma(NHL) are the most common cancers in childhood and adolescence. Most children with ALL and NHL ... Read More

Nasoalveolar Molding: A new Method for Cleft Lip and Palate Rehabilitation

A Jahanbin

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 74-74

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2542

Abstract

Introduction: Cleft lip and palate is a congenital anomaly occurring in 3 in 1000 live birth. One the major concern in this patient is about cleft gap and its surgical problems. Several ... Read More

Severity Assessment of Chronic Liver Disease in Children

S Tehranian; P Shojaee; S Jafarzadeh; HR Kianifar; SA Jafari

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 75-75

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2543

Abstract

Introduction: Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis are the most important causes of growth failure, morbidity and mortality in children. Cirrhosis consists of a variety of congenital, ... Read More Introduction: Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis are the most important causes of growth failure, morbidity and mortality in children. Cirrhosis consists of a variety of congenital, genetic, metabolic, and infectious causes in children. Models for predicting of chronic liver disease severity, survival, and transplantation are useful for decision-making as well as medical interventions. The most important application of this model is to estimate the true mortality rate at a specific time. Therefore, it helps the correct selection of patients for liver transplantation. In this study, we examined the relationship between disease severity and pediatric end-stage liver disease (PELD) scoring system in children with chronic liver diseases. Materials and Methods: This cross–sectional study conducted on 106 children with chronic liver diseases from 2011 to 2012 admitted to Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad, Iran. We used the clinical files of the patients to determine PELD score and recorded all information on a special form. Following that, PELD/MELD (model for end-stage liver disease) scores were calculated. SPSS software version 18 was performed for the analysis of the data applying independent t-test. Results: A total of 106 patients, 53% females and 47% males with the mean age of 68.3±41.8 months participated. The most common clinical finding was hepatomegaly (76%), followed by jaundice and splenomegaly. Jaundice, hepatopulmonary syndrome, cirrhosis and splenomegaly were clearly correlated with PELD score. The increasing of PELD/MELD (model for end-stage liver disease) scores were in line with the high level of liver alkaline phosphatase enzyme and there was a significant relation between them (P<0.05). Conclusion: In our study, all the results showed that the scoring system had the reasonable efficiency in the prognosis and morbidity of chronic liver diseases in children, which has been demonstrated in previous studies. Keywords: Chronic liver disease, MELD score, PELD score.

Study of Inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics in pediatric Gastroenteritis in Imam Reza Hospital-Bojnurd

A Khakshour; Zh Sheikhi; M Saeidi

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 76-76

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2545

Abstract

Introduction: Increasing microbial resistance to antibiotic medications are a common phenomenon in developing countries and development country. In this study, administration of correct, ... Read More

Evaluation of Omeprazole in the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Persistent Asthma in Children

F Behmanesh; SA Jafari; A Khakshour; E Khodashenas; A Motiee

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 77-77

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2546

Abstract

Background and Objective: Asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood. The disease is caused by a temporary blockage of airflow due to chronic inflammation of the airways ... Read More

The Study of Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Ulcerative Colitis

F Farahmand; MA Kiani; A Khodadad; M Najafi; Gh Fallahi; F Motamed; P Ostad Rahimi; M Vasei; GR Khalili; M Ghayour- Mobarhan; M Sabbagh

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 78-78

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2547

Abstract

Background and aims: In diagnosing inflammatory bowel disease, one of diagnostic way is upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, which helps in differential diagnosis of unspecified colitis ... Read More

Challenges in Diagnosis of H. Pylori Infection in Children

M Sobhani Shahmirzadi

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 79-79

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2548

Abstract

H. pylori infection is usually acquired in early childhood. Its role in gastrointestinal and extra intestinal complaints and serious consequences in adulthood make it as challenging ... Read More H. pylori infection is usually acquired in early childhood. Its role in gastrointestinal and extra intestinal complaints and serious consequences in adulthood make it as challenging issues. Despite different clinical presentations, in most children, the presence of H. pylori infection does not lead to clinically apparent disease, even when it causes chronic active gastritis. Some of most important recommendations for managing H. pylori infection in children based on Guidelines from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN consisted as: 1. Diagnostic testing for H pylori infection is not recommended in children with functional abdominal pain. 2. In children with first-degree relatives with gastric cancer, testing for H pylori may be considered. 3. In children with refractory iron-deficiency anemia, in which other causes have been ruled out, testing for H pylori infection may be considered. 4. There is insufficient evidence that H pylori infection is causally related to otitis media, upper respiratory tract infections, periodontal disease, food allergy, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and short stature. 5. It is recommended that the initial diagnosis of H pylori infection be based on a positive histopathology plus a positive rapid urease test or a positive culture. 6. The 13C-urea breath test (UBT) is a reliable noninvasive test to determine whether H pylori has been eradicated. 7. ELISA-test for detection of H pylori antigen in stool is a reliable noninvasive test to determine whether H pylori has been eradicated. 8. Tests based on the detection of antibodies (IgG, IgA) against H pylori in serum, whole blood, urine, and saliva are not reliable for use in the clinical setting. 9. It is recommended that clinicians wait at least 2 weeks after stopping proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy and 4 weeks after stopping antibiotics to perform biopsy-based and noninvasive tests (UBT, stool test) for H pylori.

Synbiotic for Prevention of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea in Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial

SA Jafari; H Ahanchian; MA Kiani; A Khakshour; Z Noorbakhsh; E Zamani; E Ansari; HR Kianifar

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 80-80

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2549

Abstract

Introduction: Antibiotic- associated diarrhea is a common problem in pediatric population. There is growing interest in probiotics, probiotics and synbiotics for prevention of this ... Read More

Hyperbilirubinemia and Neonatal Infection

Gh Maamouri; H Boskabadi; F Khatami; A Mohammadzadeh; R Saeidi; Ash Farhat; MA Kiani

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 81-81

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2550

Abstract

Introduction: Hyperbilirubinemia is a relatively common disorder among infants in Iran. Bacterial infection and jaundice may be associated with higher morbidity. Previous studies have ... Read More

Effectiveness of Group Cognitive Bbehavioral Therapy on Anxiety, Depression and Glycemic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes

S Ahmadi; Z Tabibi; A Mashhadi; P Eshraghi; F Faroughi; P Ahmadi

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 82-82

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2551

Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of group cognitive behavioral therapy in reducing anxiety and depression and glycemic control in children with type I diabetes. ... Read More

Ethical Aspects of Obesity Management in Children

Sh Gheibi; N Ghasemzadeh

Volume 2, Issue 2.1 , April 2014, Pages 83-83

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2577

Abstract

Introduction: Childhood obesity is a growing global health problem, but in the view of medical ethics, obesity management in children is associated with challenges. Method and materials: ... Read More Introduction: Childhood obesity is a growing global health problem, but in the view of medical ethics, obesity management in children is associated with challenges. Method and materials: This study is a comprehensive review in English (Cochrane Library, and PubMed) and Persian literature which pointed to the ethical aspects of pediatrics obesity management with content analysis. Results: In the childhood obesity interventions, clinical trials should be carefully designed with obtaining approval of ethics committee, selection of the appropriate outcomes, contributing to the family, the assent of the child and consent of family, confidentiality, truth telling, fairness and avoiding discrimination and stigma paid investments. Each of community, government, health systems, media and family have special responsibilities in these interventions that cause a somehow violation of personal freedom, privacy invasion and interference with lifestyle options. In the meantime, with the help of four ethical principles (Autonomy, Beneficence, Justice, Non-maleficence) interventions within the ethical boundaries can be identified. In principle of autonomy with regard to parents are the child’s legal guardians, sometimes with focus on the right refuse obesity interventions. But Islamic ethics and sound medical judgment dictate that with the observance of other moral principles [like la darar wa la dirar (No harm and no harassment) and maslaha (benefit)] in the cases of severe or complicated obesity which obviously affected the lifetime or health of the child done interventions, in the view of duty-oriented. However, obesity in children can be deemed a kind of negligence or neglect of children's health and opposed with provisions of the Convention of rights of children which based on medical paternalistic attitude build Medical intervention obligatory. Conclusion: To fight obesity, appropriate interventions require full compliance with medical ethics in schools, families and society. In this context, the compiling of ethical guidelines in child obesity interventions will be helpful. Keywords: Obesity, Children, Management, medical Ethical.

Volume 12 (2024)

Volume 11 (2023)

Volume 10 (2022)

Volume 9 (2021)

Volume 8 (2020)

Volume 7 (2019)

Volume 6 (2018)

Volume 5 (2017)

Volume 4 (2016)

Volume 3 (2015)

Volume 2 (2014)

Volume 1 (2013)

Volume & Issue: Volume 2, Issue 2.1 - Serial Number 2, April 2014, Pages 1-83

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