Journal of Pediatric Perspectives

Journal of Pediatric Perspectives

Stimulation of Child Growth and Development and Nutritional Status Among Children Aged 24-59 Months: A Cross-Sectional in Indonesia

Document Type : original article

Authors
Fadira Nurifa Fawaida 1
Tantut Susanto 2
Fahruddin Kurdi 2
Wahyuni Fauziah 3
1 Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Jember, Jember, East Java, Indonesia.
2 Department of Community Family and Geriatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Jember, Indonesia.
3 Nursing Council, Indonesian Health Council, Jakarta, Indonesia.
10.22038/jpp.2025.89981.5575
Abstract
Background: Stunting remains a significant global nutritional issue, with Indonesia’s prevalence at 21.5% in 2023, and Jember Regency in East Java recording a high prevalence of 29.7%. Inadequate care, including insufficient stimulation and child activities, is identified as a contributing factor to stunting. This study aims to analyze the relationship between family-provided growth and development stimulation and the incidence of stunting in children aged 24-59 months in Jember Regency.
Materials and Methods: This study used a quantitative analytical method with a case-control design. A total of 174 respondents were selected through stratified random sampling, comprising 87 stunted children in the case group and 87 children with normal nutritional status in the control group, all from the working areas of Rambipuji, Sumberjambe, and Ledokombo Community Health Centers in Jember Regency. Data were collected using questionnaires on family and children characteristics, and family-provided stimulation, along with anthropometric measurements (height and weight) analyzed using WHO Anthro software. The relationship between variables was analyzed using the Chi-square test.
Results: There is a significant relationship between family-provided growth and development stimulation and the incidence of stunting in children aged 24-59 months in Jember Regency (χ2 = 7.452; p = 0.006). Children who received adequate stimulation had a 2.43 times greater chance of not experiencing stunting than those who received inadequate stimulation (OR = 2.43; 95% CI = 1.32-4.47).
Conclusion: Adequate family-provided stimulation plays a significant role in preventing stunting among children aged 24-59 months. Strengthening parental awareness and skills in delivering age-appropriate stimulation should be integrated into community health programs, as part of efforts to reduce stunting.
Keywords
Children Growth and Development
Family Stimulation
Nutritional Status
Preschool Child
Stunting
  1. UNICEF, WHO, World Bank Group. Levels and trends in child malnutrition: UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Group joint child malnutrition estimates: key findings of the 2023 edition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023.
  2. Kemenkes RI. Factsheets: Stunting di Indonesia dan Determinannya. Kemenkes BKPK. 2023.
  3. Munira SL. Hasil Survei Status Gizi Indonesia (SSGI) 2022.
  4. Kemenkes BKPK. Survei Kesehatan Indonesia (SKI) 2023 dalam Angka. Kementerian Kesehatan Badan Kebijakan Pembangunan Kesehatan.2023.
  5. Laily LA, Indarjo S. Literature review: Dampak stunting terhadap pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak. HIGEIA (Journal of Public Health Research and Development). 2023 Jul 18;7(3):354-64.
  6. Kemenkes RI. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 2 Tahun 2020 Tentang Standar Antropometri Anak. Jakarta: Menteri kesehatan republik indonesia. 2020.
  7. World Health Organization. Stunted growth and development: context, causes and consequences. Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved March. 2017;24:2020.
  8. Fatmawati A, Mujiadi M, Prastya A. Telenursing’s Effectiveness on Mothers’s Ability to Stimulate Child Development. Jurnal Pendidlkan Keperawatan Indonesia; 8(2):135-42.
  9. Sukmawati FS. Family empowerment through psychosocial stimulation assistance and child feeding in increasing nutrition intake and body weight of children 2-3 years old to prevent stunting. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology. 2021 Jul;15(3):4339.
  10. Kemenkes RI KR. Pedoman umum: Program Indonesia sehat dengan pendekatan keluarga; 2016.
  11. Yani DI, Rahayuwati L, Sari CW, Komariah M, Fauziah SR. Family household characteristics and stunting: an update scoping review. Nutrients. 2023 Jan 2;15(1):233.
  12. Mansur H, Setyaningsih W. Analysis of parents’ factors in providing developmental stimulation among pre-school age children in Pakis Sub-District, Malang, East Java. Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive. 2021;9(1).
  13. Do H, McCoy DC. The relations between caregiver education, home stimulation, and Children’s developmental outcomes: research in majority world countries. International Journal of Early Childhood. 2025 Apr;57(1):295-318.
  14. Cuartas J, McCoy D, Sánchez J, Behrman J, Cappa C, Donati G, et al. Family play, reading, and other stimulation and early childhood development in five low‐and‐middle‐income countries. Developmental science. 2023 Nov;26(6):e13404.
  15. David BE, Kumar S. Child development beyond the nutrition-specific models: bridging the pathways via psychosocial stimulation. Frontiers in Psychology. 2023 Nov 23;14:1273591.
  16. Febrianti T, Hawara G. Hubungan Tingkat Pendidikan Ibu dengan Penerapan Stimulasi Perkembangan pada Anak Usia Prasekolah. Jurnal Keperawatan Raflesia. 2024 May 30;6(1):45-56.
  17. Friedman MM, Bowden VR, Jones EG. Buku ajar keperawatan keluarga: Riset, teori, dan praktek. Jakarta: Egc. 2010;5.
  18. Sivaraman V, Fels EC, Ardoin SP, Kliegman RM, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 2020.
  19. Sulaiman S, Hasnawi H, Suardi S. Early childhood cognitive stimulation from working and non-working mothers. Cakrawala Pendidikan Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan. 2023;42(1):164-75.
  20. Urke HB, Contreras M, Matanda DJ. The influence of maternal and household resources, and parental psychosocial child stimulation on early childhood development: A cross-sectional study of children 36–59 months in Honduras. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2018 May;15(5):926.
  21. Chang R, Li C, Wei M, Jiang Y, Zhang J. Roles of caregiver-child interaction on the association of socioeconomic status with early childhood development: a population-based study in rural China. BMC Public Health. 2024 Jun 17;24(1):1604.
  22. Dewi RK, Sumarni S. Parenting style and family empowerment for children's growth and development: A systematic review. Journal of Public Health in Africa. 2023 May 25;14(2):8.
  23. McGuire S, World Health Organization. Comprehensive implementation plan on maternal, infant, and young child nutrition. Geneva, Switzerland. 2014:134-5.
  24. Haris S, Nuraeni A. Keperawatan Keluarga: Pendekatan Komprehensif Dalam Perawatan Kesehatan Keluarga. Padang: Get Press Indonesia. 2023.
  25. Bella FD, Fajar NA, Misnaniarti M. Hubungan antara pola asuh keluarga dengan kejadian balita stunting pada keluarga miskin di Palembang. Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Komunitas. 2020 Feb 27;5(1):15-22.
  26. Jalaludin MY, Fauzi MD, Sidiartha IG, John C, Aviella S, Novery E, et al. Addressing Stunting in Children Under Five: Insights and Opportunities from Nepal, Bangladesh, and Vietnam—A Review of Literature. Children. 2025 May 16;12(5):641.
  27. Hossain SJ, Rahman SM, Fisher J, Rahman A, Tofail F, Hamadani JD. Effect of a parenting and nutrition education programme on development and growth of children using a social safety-net platform in urban Bangladesh: a cluster randomized controlled trial. The Lancet Regional Health-Southeast Asia. 2024 Jun 1;25.
  28. Susanto T, Rasni H, Susumaningrum LA. Perawatan keluarga dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan nutrisi balita: aplikasi keperawatan keluarga dalam konteks agronursing. Jakarta: Trans Info Media; 2022. xiv, 190 p.
  29. Rizki F, Dhamayanti M, Widiyanti R. The role of parental stimulation in the development of stunted toddlers. Proceedings Optimal. 2025 Jun 30.
  30. Sari YW, Khomsan A, Roosita K. The role of stimulation, affection, and parenting patterns in stunting among children aged 24-59 months. AcTion: Aceh Nutrition Journal. 2025 Mar 15;10(1):146-55.
  31. Wardani AE, Wijayanti LA, Mediawati M. Hubungan stimulasi tumbuh kembang oleh orang tua dengan perkembangan bicara dan Bahasa balita usia 29-59 bulan di kelompok bermain lentera bangsa kota kediri. Judika (Jurnal Nusantara Medika). 2022 Oct 25;6(2):80-94.
  32. Ilyka D, Johnson MH, Lloyd-Fox S. Infant social interactions and brain development: A systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2021 Nov 1;130:448-69.
  33. Mareta R, Sulaeman ES, Setyowati R, Padmaningrum D. The Role of Parents in Child Development: Literature Review. In5th Borobudur International Symposium on Humanities and Social Science 2023 2024 Aug 2 (pp. 1101-1108). Atlantis Press.
Journal of Pediatric Perspectives
Volume 13, Issue 7
July 2025
Pages 19540-19551