1. Wang W, Yuan D, Yang F, Gao Y. Global, regional, and national burden of unintentional childhood poisoning, 1990–2021: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease study 2021. Frontiers in Public Health. 2025 Aug 5;13:1596599.
2. Di Sarno L, Pansini V, Caroselli A, Soave PM, Gatto A, Ferretti S, et al. Acute poisoning in children presenting to the pediatric emergency department: an epidemiologic study and the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Medicina. 2025 Aug 22;61(9):1507.
3. Uwumiro F, Okpujie V, Olaomi OA, Abesin O, Madu FC, Akpabio NN, et al. Profile of childhood poisoning and its outcomes in the United States: a one-year nationwide study of emergency and inpatient admissions. Cureus. 2023 Apr 11;15(4).
4. Wojciechowki J, Czapla M, Konop M, Juárez-Vela R, Rosińczuk J. Evaluation of accidental and intentional pediatric poisonings: retrospective analysis of emergency medical service interventions in Wroclaw, Poland. Nursing Reports. 2024 Sep 20;14(3):2523-34.
5. Gummin DD, Mowry JB, Beuhler MC, Spyker DA, Rivers LJ, Feldman R, et al. 2023 annual report of the National Poison Data System®(NPDS) from America’s poison centers®: 41st annual report. Clinical Toxicology. 2024 Dec 1;62(12):793-1027.
6. Dayasiri K. Crisis and Care: Global Trends in Pediatric Poisoning First-Aid Practices (2000-2025). Journal of Desk Research Review and Analysis. 2025 Dec 16;3(2).
7. Lei R, Yue C, Yue F, Gao H, He X, Yan Q, et al. Burden of non-CO poisoning in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2021: results from the global burden of disease study 2021. Frontiers in Public Health. 2025 Jul 25;13:1620523.
8. Wu P, Hoven CW, Liu X, Cohen P, Fuller CJ, Shaffer D. Substance use, suicidal ideation and attempts in children and adolescents. Suicide and Life‐Threatening Behavior. 2004 Dec;34(4):408-20.
9. Ross JA. The role of pediatrics in medical toxicology: a fellow’s perspective. Journal of Medical Toxicology. 2021 Oct;17(4):327-9.
10. Carroquino MJ, Posada M, Landrigan PJ. Environmental toxicology: children at risk. InEnvironmental toxicology: Selected entries from the encyclopedia of sustainability science and technology 2012 Dec 4 (pp. 239-291). New York, NY: Springer New York.
11. Zhang H, Huo Q, Jing R, Dong M. Clinical analysis of acute poisoning in children. BMC pediatrics. 2024 Mar 25;24(1):212.
12. Soave PM, Curatola A, Ferretti S, Raitano V, Conti G, Gatto A, et L. Acute poisoning in children admitted to pediatric emergency department: a five-years retrospective analysis. Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis. 2022 Mar 14;93(1):e2022004.
13. Hayes AN, Gilbert SG. Historical milestones and discoveries that shaped the toxicology sciences. Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology: Volume 1: Molecular toxicology. 2009 Jan 1:1-35.
14. Nelson LS. Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies. (No Title). 2019.
15. Ginsberg G, Hattis D, Sonawane B, Russ A, Banati P, Kozlak M, et al. Evaluation of child/adult pharmacokinetic differences from a database derived from the therapeutic drug literature. Toxicological Sciences. 2002 Apr 1;66(2):185-200.
16. Fernandez E, Perez R, Hernandez A, Tejada P, Arteta M, Ramos JT. Factors and mechanisms for pharmacokinetic differences between pediatric population and adults. Pharmaceutics. 2011 Feb 7;3(1):53-72.
17. Batchelor HK, Marriott JF. Paediatric pharmacokinetics: key considerations. British journal of clinical pharmacology. 2015 Mar;79(3):395-404.
18. Bansal N, Momin S, Bansal R, Venkata SK, Ruser L, Yusuf K. Pharmacokinetics of drugs: newborn perspective. Pediatric Medicine. 2024 Jan 1;7:19.
19. Ruggiero A, Ariano A, Triarico S, Capozza MA, Ferrara P, Attinà G. Neonatal pharmacology and clinical implications. Drugs in context. 2019 Oct 14;8:212608.
20. Goldman GS, Cheng RZ. The immature infant liver: cytochrome P450 enzymes and their relevance to vaccine safety and SIDS research. International Journal of Medical Sciences. 2025 Apr 28;22(10):2434.
21. Li H, Lampe JN. Neonatal cytochrome P450 CYP3A7: A comprehensive review of its role in development, disease, and xenobiotic metabolism. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics. 2019 Sep 30;673:108078.
22. Turner AJ, Brown RD, Carlstrom M, Gibson KJ, Persson AE. Mechanisms of neonatal increase in glomerular filtration rate. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2008 Sep;295(3):R916-21.
23. Mottla ME, Bowler ME, Asgary R. Epidemiology, risk factors, and strategies to prevent and manage poisonings due to pharmaceuticals in children in low income and low-middle income countries: A systematic review. Journal of global health. 2023 Dec 29;13:04173.
24. Midgett JD, Middelberg LK. Pediatric Injuries from Consumer Products and Strategies for Prevention. Pediatric Clinics. 2025 Dec 1;72(6):1129-45.
25. Areprekumor TE, Joboy-Okei E, Amadin NO, Kalu SU. Patterns and clinical outcomes of childhood poisoning presenting to a children’s emergency department in Yenagoa, Nigeria: a 10-year retrospective study. BMJ paediatrics open. 2024 May 15;8(1):e002433.
26. Rana A, Sharma N, Arya V. Heavy uses of pesticides in India: a quantitative analysis. Indian J. Ecol. 2022 Jun;49(3):994-1004.
27. Burda AM, Burda NM. The nation's first poison control center: taking a stand against accidental childhood poisoning in Chicago. Veterinary and human toxicology. 1997 Apr 1;39(2):115-9.
28. Litovitz T, White NC, Watson WA. Epidemiology of pediatric poison exposures: an analysis of 2003 poison control center data. Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine. 2005 Jun 1;6(2):68-75.
29. Board on Health Promotion, Committee on Poison Prevention. Forging a poison prevention and control system. National Academies Press; 2004 Sep 16.
30. Lai MW, Klein-Schwartz W, Rodgers GC, Abrams JY, Haber DA, Bronstein AC, et al. 2005 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' national poisoning and exposure database. Clinical Toxicology. 2006 Jan 1;44(6-7):803-932.
31. World Health Organization. Guidelines for establishing a poison centre. 2020.
32. Hahn A. Poison control centers. InInformation resources in toxicology 2020 Jan 1 (pp. 875-885). Academic Press.
33. Geme JW. Nelson textbook of pediatrics. Elsevier; 2020.
34. Kowalsky RH. EMRA and ACMT Medical Toxicology Guide. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2022 Dec 1;80(6):575-6.
35. Palmer SB, Spiller HA, Kistamgari S, Casavant MJ, Rine NI, Yang J, et al. Hydrocarbon ingestions among individuals younger than 20 years old reported to United States Poison Centers, 2000–2021. Injury epidemiology. 2023 Oct 12;10(1):48.
36. Nelson LS, Howland MA, Lewin NA, Goldfrank LR, Hoffman RS. Initial evaluation of the patient: vital signs and toxic syndromes. Goldfrank’s Toxicologic Emergencies, 11th ed.; Nelson, LS, Howland, MA, Lewin, NA, Smith, SW, Goldfrank, LR, Hoffman, RS, Eds. 2019:33-41.
37. Alizadeh Ghamsari A, Azimi R, Pourbadakhshan N. Neglected Epidemiological Point about Pediatric Botulism in the North East of Iran. Journal of Pediatric Perspectives. 2024 Dec 1;12(12):19205-10.
38. Hayes BD. Clinical toxicology residency and fellowship programs for pharmacists. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 2011 Mar 15;68(6):480-6.
39. Chatfield AJ. Lexicomp online and Micromedex 2.0. Journal of the Medical Library Association: JMLA. 2015 Apr;103(2):112.
40. Databanks HS. National Library of Medicine–TOXNET,-Website [Internet]. 2004
41. Haines J, Tempowski J. Contribution of the World Health Organization to toxicology and poisons centers. InHistory of Modern Clinical Toxicology 2022 Jan 1 (pp. 493-504). Academic Press.
