Document Type : review article
Author
Children’s Hospital ‘Agia Sophia’, Athens, Greece.
Abstract
Background: Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are still regarded and treated as psychiatric disorders. A lot of research evidence supports the inflammatory basis of ASDs implicating a new basis for the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
Methods: An extended recording of relative literature and new research findings.
Results: The genetic background of ASDs is analyzed. The inflammatory molecular basis of autism is emphasized.
Conclusions: Although autism is diagnosed based on psychiatric criteria and treated with mainly antipsychotic drugs, a multidisciplinary approach should be established taking into account new research findings, incorporating them to treatment.
Keywords
- Halfon N, Kuo AA. What DSM-5 could mean to children with autism and their families. JAMA pediatrics. 2013 Jul 1;167(7):608-13.
- Kern JK, Geier DA, Sykes LK, Geier MR. Relevance of neuroinflammation and encephalitis in autism. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2016 Jan 19;9:519.
- Gottfried C, Bambini-Junior V, Francis F, Riesgo R, Savino W. The impact of neuroimmune alterations in autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in psychiatry. 2015 Sep 9;6:121.
- Shuid AN, Jayusman PA, Shuid N, Ismail J, Kamal Nor N, Naina Mohamed I. Update on atypicalities of central nervous system in autism spectrum disorder. Brain Sciences. 2020 May 20;10(5):309.
- Eissa N, Al-Houqani M, Sadeq A, Ojha SK, Sasse A, Sadek B. Current enlightenment about etiology and pharmacological treatment of autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in neuroscience. 2018 May 16;12:304.
- Nevison CD. A comparison of temporal trends in United States autism prevalence to trends in suspected environmental factors. Environmental Health. 2014 Dec;13:1-6.
- Pardo CA, Vargas DL, Zimmerman AW. Immunity, neuroglia and neuroinflammation in autism. International review of psychiatry. 2005 Jan 1;17(6):485-95.
- Giunti D, Parodi B, Cordano C, Uccelli A, Kerlero de Rosbo N. Can we switch microglia's phenotype to foster neuroprotection? Focus on multiple sclerosis. Immunology. 2014 Mar;141(3):328-39.
- Salter MW, Beggs S. Sublime microglia: expanding roles for the guardians of the CNS. Cell. 2014 Jul 3;158(1):15-24.
- Wilcock DM, Griffin WS. Down’s syndrome, neuroinflammation, and Alzheimer neuropathogenesis. Journal of neuroinflammation. 2013 Dec;10:1-0.
- Wilcock DM, Griffin WS. Down’s syndrome, neuroinflammation, and Alzheimer neuropathogenesis. Journal of neuroinflammation. 2013 Dec;10:1-0.
- Bölte S, Girdler S, Marschik PB. The contribution of environmental exposure to the etiology of autism spectrum disorder. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 2019 Apr 15;76:1275-97.
- Sinmaz N, Nguyen T, Tea F, Dale RC, Brilot F. Mapping autoantigen epitopes: molecular insights into autoantibody-associated disorders of the nervous system. Journal of neuroinflammation. 2016 Dec;13:1-23.
- O'Connor TG, Moynihan JA, Caserta MT. Annual research review: the neuroinflammation hypothesis for stress and psychopathology in children–developmental psychoneuroimmunology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2014 Jun;55(6):615-31.
- Giunti D, Parodi B, Cordano C, Uccelli A, Kerlero de Rosbo N. Can we switch microglia's phenotype to foster neuroprotection? Focus on multiple sclerosis. Immunology. 2014 Mar;141(3):328-39.
- Theoharides TC, Asadi S, Patel AB. Focal brain inflammation and autism. Journal of neuroinflammation. 2013 Dec;10:1-7.
- Madore C, Leyrolle Q, Lacabanne C, Benmamar-Badel A, Joffre C, Nadjar A, et al. Neuroinflammation in autism: plausible role of maternal inflammation, dietary omega 3, and microbiota. Neural plasticity. 2016;2016(1):3597209.
- Kalkbrenner AE, Schmidt RJ, Penlesky AC. Environmental chemical exposures and autism spectrum disorders: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care. 2014 Nov 1;44(10):277-318.
- Qureshi IA, Mehler MF. Epigenetic mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of neurogenetic diseases. Neurotherapeutics. 2014 Oct 1;11(4):708-20.
)