Effects of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy on Behavioral Problems of Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Iran

Document Type : original article

Authors

Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.

Abstract

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an important behavioral disorder that causes considerable individual and social difficulties, creating significant emotional distress for preschoolers and their caretakers. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) on behavioral problems of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Ahvaz, Iran.
Methods: This was a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study with an experimental and a control group. The statistical population comprised all children aged 5-12 years visiting psychology and psychiatry clinics in Ahvaz (Iran) in 2020 who were diagnosed with ADHD by specialists. A sample of 30 children was conveniently selected and randomly allocated to experimental and control groups (n= 15 per group). The research instrument was The Child Symptom Inventory (CSI-4). Analysis of covariance in SPSS-24 was used to analyze the data.
Results: In the post-test, the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of ADHD signs and symptoms was 28.33 ± 4.65 in the experimental group and 32.67 ± 3.65 in the control group. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the research variables (symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, social anxiety disorder, and separation anxiety disorder) (P<0.001).
Conclusion: As the findings supported the effectiveness of PCIT on the behavioral problems of children with ADHD, workshops are recommended to be held on the treatment of behavioral problems in these children and their parents.

Keywords

References

  1. Clark LA, Cuthbert B, Lewis-Fernández R, Narrow WE, Reed GM. Three Approaches to Understanding and Classifying Mental Disorder: ICD-11, DSM-5, and the National Institute of Mental Health’s Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 2017; 18(2):72-145.
  2. Connor DF, Steeber J, McBurnett K. A review of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder complicated by symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2010; 31(5):427-440.
  3. Gnanavel S, Sharma P, Kaushal P, Hussain S. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbidity: A review of literature. World J Clin Cases. 2019; 7(17):2420-2426.
  4. Hamed AM, Kauer AJ, Stevens HE. Why the Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Matters. Front Psychiatry. 2015; 6:168.
  5. Mahone EM, Denckla MB. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Historical Neuropsychological Perspective. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2017; 23(9-10):916-929.
  6. Cabral MDI, Liu S, Soares N. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, risk factors and evaluation in youth. Transl Pediatr. 2020; 9(Suppl 1):S104-S113.
  7. Joshi G, Faraone SV, Wozniak J, Tarko L, Fried R, Galdo M, Furtak SL, Biederman J. Symptom Profile of ADHD in Youth with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comparative Study in Psychiatrically Referred Populations. J Atten Disord. 2017; 21(10):846-55.
  8. Katzman MA, Bilkey TS, Chokka PR, Fallu A, Klassen LJ. Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach. BMC Psychiatry. 2017; 17(1):302.
  9. Muñoz-Silva A, Lago-Urbano R, Sanchez-Garcia M, Carmona-Márquez J. Child/Adolescent's ADHD and Parenting Stress: The Mediating Role of Family Impact and Conduct Problems. Front Psychol. 2017; 8:2252.
  10. Starck M, Grünwald J, Schlarb AA. Occurrence of ADHD in parents of ADHD children in a clinical sample. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2016; 12:581-588.
  11. Hack LM, Villodas MT, McBurnett K, Hinshaw S, Pfiffner LJ. Parenting Mediates Symptoms and Impairment in Children With ADHD-Inattentive Type. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2016; 45(2):155-166.
  12. Xue J, Hao Y, Li X, Guan R, Wang Y, Li Y, Tian H. Meta-Analysis Study on Treatment of Children's Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity. J Healthc Eng. 2021; 2021:8229039.
  13. Hack LM, Villodas M, McBurnett K, Hinshaw S, Pfiffner LJ. Parenting as a Mechanism of Change in Psychosocial Treatment for Youth with ADHD, Predominantly Inattentive Presentation. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2017; 45(5):841-855.
  14. Lieneman CC, Brabson LA, Highlander A, Wallace NM, McNeil CB. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: current perspectives. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2017; 10:239-256.
  15. Bjørseth Å, Wichstrøm L. Effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) in the Treatment of Young Children's Behavior Problems. A Randomized Controlled Study. PLoS One. 2016; 11(9):e0159845.
  16. Acosta J, Garcia D, Bagner DM. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy for Children with Developmental Delay: The Role of Sleep Problems. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2019; 40(3):183-191.
  17. Al Sehli SA, Helou M, Sultan MA. The Efficacy of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) in Children with Attention Problems, Hyperactivity, and Impulsivity in Dubai. Case Rep Psychiatry. 2021; 2021:5588612.
  18. Briegel W. Tailoring Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) for Older Children: A Case Study. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother. 2018; 46(4):298-304.
  19. Gurwitch RH, Messer EP, Funderburk BW. Parent-child interaction therapy. Evidence-based treatments for trauma related disorders in children and adolescents. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing/Springer Nature; 2017. p. 341-61.
  20. Sprafkin J, Gadow KD, Salisbury H, Schneider J, Loney J. Further evidence of reliability and validity of the Child Symptom Inventory-4: parent checklist in clinically referred boys. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2002; 31(4):513-524.
  21. Farzad V, Emami Hours, Vakil Kahani F. Evaluation of validity and standardization of The Child Symptom Inventory (CSI-4). Journal of Psychological Research. 2011; 3(11):47-57. [In Persian].
  22. Adelkhah S, Faramarzi S, Aghaei A. Comparison of the effectiveness of parent-child communication therapy with parent-child interaction therapy on communication skills and social adjustment in children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Psychological Achievements, 2021; 28(1):25-48.
  23. Leung C, Tsang S, Ng GSH, Choi SY. Efficacy of Parents–Child Interaction Therapy with Chinese ADHD Children: Randomized Controlled Trial. Research on Social Work Practice. 2017; 27(1):36-47.
  24. Hosogane N, Kodaira M, Kihara N, Saito K, Kamo T. Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) for young children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Japan. Annals of General Psychiatry. 2018; 17(1):9.
  25. Wagner SM, McNeil CB. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy for ADHD: A Conceptual Overview and Critical Literature Review. Child & Family Behavior Therapy. 2008; 30(3):231-56.
  26. Matos M, Bauermeister JJ, Bernal G. Parent-child interaction therapy for Puerto Rican preschool children with ADHD and behavior problems: a pilot efficacy study. Fam Process. 2009; 48(2):232-252.
  27. Chronis-Tuscano A, Lewis-Morrarty E, Woods KE, O’Brien KA, Mazursky-Horowitz H, Thomas SR. Parent–Child Interaction Therapy with Emotion Coaching for Preschoolers With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. 2016; 23(1):62-78.
  28. Tan SY, Steding LH, Coates EE, Agazzi H. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy and ADHD: A Case Study with a Hearing Child of a Deaf Father and a Hearing Mother. Child & Family Behavior Therapy. 2018; 40(1):65-83.
Journal of Pediatric Perspectives
Volume 10, Issue 8
August 2022
Pages 16477-16485

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics