Autonomy Support, Needs Satisfaction, Motivation, and Intention to Do Physical Activities in Adolescents: A Validation study

Hosseini, Fatemeh Beigom; Ghorbani, Saeed; Rezaeeshirazi, Reza

doi:10.22038/ijp.2021.55491.4370

Autonomy Support, Needs Satisfaction, Motivation, and Intention to Do Physical Activities in Adolescents: A Validation study

Document Type : original article

Authors

Fatemeh Beigom Hosseini ¹

Saeed Ghorbani ²

Reza Rezaeeshirazi ²

¹ PhD Student, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran.

² Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran.

10.22038/ijp.2021.55491.4370

Abstract

Background: Components of self-determination theory work very well in physical education settings. However, very few studies in Iran focused on this issue which might be due to the lack of validated questionnaires. The present study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of a Persian questionnaire derived and translated from four scales assessing the self-determination components of physical activity/education in adolescent students.
Methods: This study used an exploratory-confirmatory method. The participants were 400 high-school students (16-18 years old) studying in Aliabad Katoul, Golestan, Iran, during 2019. The items of the English standard questionnaires were converted into Persian using the translation-retranslation method. Subsequently, nine experts confirmed the validity of the final Persian questionnaire. The questionnaires included Needs Support in Physical Education Questionnaire which is used to measure autonomy support; Sport Climate in Physical Education Questionnaire which is used for measuring needs satisfaction; Intrinsic Motivation Scale which is used to measure intrinsic motivation for having physical education in the leisure-time; and Intention to Physical Activity used to measure intention to perform physical activities outside the school. We employed factor analysis and structural equation modeling to examine the validity of the questionnaire.
Results: The descriptive statistics showed that all boys and girls were in almost identical ages. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the Persian version of the questionnaires had relatively high powers for assessing self-determination components in physical education (GoF=0.729). Moreover, perceived autonomy support positively affected the needs satisfaction and intrinsic motivation in physical education. Moreover, intrinsic motivation in physical education was transferred into intrinsic motivation outside school and subsequently affected intention to do physical activities (all T>1.96).
Conclusions: The Persian questionnaire validated in this study enjoys a relatively high power for assessing the self-determination components in physical education. Moreover, autonomy support plays an important role in motivating students to be physically active.

Keywords

Validity

Reliability

Autonomy support

Basic needs

Motivation

Physical activity

Lahart I, Darcy P, Gidlow C, Calogiuri G. The Effects of Green Exercise on Physical and Mental Wellbeing: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019; 16(8):1352. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16081352. [PubMed: 30991724]. [PubMed Central: PMC6518264].
Schwartz J, Rhodes R, Bredin S, Oh P, Warburton D. Effectiveness of Approaches to Increase Physical Activity Behavior to Prevent Chronic Disease in Adults: A Brief Commentary. J Clin Med. 2019; 8(3):295. doi: 10.3390/jcm8030295. [PubMed: 30832260]. [PubMed Central: PMC6462966].
Mohammad Gholinejad P, Hojjati H, Ghorbani S. The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Body Composition and Muscle Strength of Female Students at Elementary School of Aliabad Katoul in 2018. Int J School Health. 2019; 6(4), 27-33.
Huotari P, Nupponen H, Mikkelsson L, Laakso L, Kujala U. Adolescent Physical Fitness and Activity as Predictors of Adulthood Activity. J Sports Sci. 2011; 29(11):1135-1141. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2011.585166. [PubMed: 21777154].
Telama R, Yang X, Viikari J, Välimäki I, Wanne O, Raitakari O. Physical Activity from Childhood to Adulthood: A 21-Year Tracking Study. Am J Prev Med. 2005; 28(3):267-273. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.12.003. [PubMed: 15766614].
Cid L, Pires A, Borrego C, Duarte-Mendes P, Teixeira DS, Moutão JM, et al. Motivational Determinants of Physical Education Grades and the Intention to Practice Sport in the Future. PLoS ONE. 2019; 14(5):e0217218. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217218. [PMID: 31120973]. [PMCID: PMC6592572].
Baddou I, et al. Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Time Among Children and Adolescents in Morocco: A Cross Sectional Study. BioMed Res Int. 2018; Article ID 8949757. doi: 10.3390/sports7050127. [PubMed: 31126126]. [PubMed Central: PMC6572041].
Wang W, Hsieh Y, Hsueh M, Liu Y, Liao Y. Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Patterns in Taiwanese Adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019; 16(22):4392. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16224392. [PMID: 31717677]. [PMCID: PMC6888554].
Sfandyari B, Ghorbani S, Rezaeeshirazi R, Noohpisheh S. The Effectiveness of an Autonomy-Based Exercise Training on Intrinsic Motivation, Physical Activity Intention, and Health-Related Fitness of Sedentary Students in Middle School. Int J Sch Health. 2020; 7(1):40-47. doi: 10.30476/intjsh.2020.84678.1046.
Deci EL, Ryan RM. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior. New York: Plenum Press. 1985.
Deci EL, Ryan RM. What and Why of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior. Psychol Inq. 2000; 11(4):227-268. doi: 10.1207/S15327965PLI1104-01.
Ryan RM, Deci EL. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions. Contemp Educ Psychol. 2000; 25:54-67. doi: 10.1006/ceps.1999.1020.
Ryan RM, Deci EL. Brick by Brick: The Origins, Development, and Future of Self-Determination Theory. In A. J. Elliot (Ed.), Advances in Motivation Science. Cambridge, MA: Elsevier Inc. 2019. (Vol 6, pp. 111-156).
Ryan RM, Deci EL. Overview of Self-Determination Theory: An Organismic Dialectical Perspective. In EL Deci, RM Ryan. (Eds.), Handbook of Self-Determination Research. 2002. (pp. 3-33).
Ryan RM, Bradshaw EL, Deci EL. A History of Human Motivation Theories in Psychology. In RJ Sternberg & WE Pickren. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2019. (pp. 391-411).
Vansteenkiste M, Ryan RM, Soenens B. Basic Psychological Need Theory: Advancements, Critical Themes, and Future Directions. Motiv Emot. 2020; 44:1-31. doi: 10.1007/s11031-019-09818-1.
Ryan RM, Deci EL. Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness. New York: Guilford Publishing. 2017.
Meng HW, Whipp PR, Dimmock JA, Jackson B. The Effects of Choice on Autonomous Motivation, Perceived Autonomy Support, and Physical Activity Levels in High School Physical Education. J Teach Phys Educ. 2013; 32(2):131-148. doi: 10.1123/jtpe.32.2.131.
Lochbaum M, Jean-Noel J. Perceived Autonomy-Support Instruction and Student Outcomes in Physical Education and Leisure-Time: A Meta-Analytic Review of Correlates. RICYDE. 2016; 43(12):29-47. doi: 10.5232/ricyde2016.04302.
Chang YK, Chen S, Tu KW, Chi LK. Effect of Autonomy Support on Self-Determined Motivation in Elementary Physical Education. J Sports Sci Med. 2016; 15(3):460-466. [PubMed: 27803624]. [PubMed Central: PMC4974858].
Moreno-Murcia JA, Sanchez-Latorre F. The Effects of Autonomy Support in Physical Education Classes. RICYDE. 2016; 43(12):79-89. doi: 10.5232/ricyde2016.04305.
Hosseini FB, Ghorbani S, Rezaeshirazi R. Effects of Perceived Autonomy Support in the Physical Education on Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction, Intrinsic Motivation and Intention to Physical Activity in High-School Students. Int J School Health. 2020; 7(4), 39-46.
Gholidahaneh MG, Ghorbani S, Esfahaninia A. Effects of Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction in the Physical Education on Leisure-Time Physical Activity Behavior of Primary School Students: Mediating Role of Autonomous Motivation. Int J School Health, 2020; 7(2), 46-53.
Sfandyari B, Ghorbani S, Rezaeeshirazi R, Noohpisheh S. The Effectiveness of Autonomy-Based Exercise Training on Intrinsic Motivation, Intention to Physical Activity, and Health-Related Fitness of Sedentary Students at Middle School. Int J School Health, 2020; 7(1), 40-47.
Ghorbani S, Noohpisheh S, Shakki M. Gender Differences in the Relationship between Perceived Competence and Physical Activity in Middle School Students: Mediating Role of Enjoyment. Int J School Health, 2020; 7(2), 14-20.
Krejcie RV, Morgan DW. Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educ Psychol Meas. 1970; 30(3):607-610. doi: 10.1177/001316447003000308.
Hagger MS, Chatzisarantis NLD, Culverhouse T, Biddle SJH. The Process by Which Perceived Autonomy Support in Physical Education Promote Leisure-Time Physical Activity Intentions and Behavior: A Trans-Contextual Model. J Educ Psychol. 2003; 95:784-795. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.95.4.784.
Baard PP, Deci EL, Ryan RM. Intrinsic Need Satisfaction: A Motivational Basis of Performance and Wellbeing in Two Work Settings. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2004; 34:2045-2068. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02690.x.
Pelletier LG, Rocchi MA, Vallerand RJ, Deci EL, Ryan RM. Validation of the Revised Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-II). Psychol Sport Exerc. 2013; 14(3):329-341. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.12.002.
Burgueño R, Macarro-Moreno J, Medina-Casaubón J. Psychometry of the Multidimensional Perceived Autonomy Support Scale in Physical Education with Spanish Secondary School Students. SAGE Open. 2020; 10(1):1-12. doi: 10.1177/2158244019901253.
Granero-Gallegos A, Baena-Extremera A, Sánchez-Fuentes JA. Martínez-Molina M. Validación Española del “Learning Climate Questionnaire” Adaptado a la Educación Física. Psychology/Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica, 2014; 27(4), 625-633. doi: 10.1590/1678-7153.201427403.
Hagger MS, Chatzisarantis NLD. The Trans-Contextual Model of Autonomous Motivation in Education: Conceptual and Empirical Issues and Meta-Analysis. Rev Educ Res. 2016; 86(2):360-470. doi: 10.3102/0034654315585005.
Hagger MS, Chatzisarantis NLD, Harris J. The Process by which Relative Autonomous Motivation Affects Intentional Behavior: Comparing Effects Across Dieting and Exercise Behaviors. Motiv Emot. 2006; 30:306-320. doi: 10.1007/s11031-006-9046-5.