<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
			<journal>
			<title>Journal of Pediatric Perspectives</title>
			<title_fa></title_fa>
			<short_title>JPP; J Ped Perspect</short_title>
			<subject>Medical Sciences</subject>
			<web_url>https://jpp.mums.ac.ir/</web_url>
			<journal_hbi_system_id>0</journal_hbi_system_id>
			<journal_hbi_system_user></journal_hbi_system_user>
			<journal_id_issn></journal_id_issn>
			<journal_id_issn_online>3060-7205</journal_id_issn_online>
			<journal_id_pii></journal_id_pii>
			<journal_id_doi></journal_id_doi>
			<journal_id_iranmedex></journal_id_iranmedex>
			<journal_id_magiran></journal_id_magiran>
			<journal_id_sid></journal_id_sid>
			<journal_id_nlai></journal_id_nlai>
			<journal_id_science></journal_id_science>
			<language>en</language>
			<pubdate>
				<type>jalali</type>
				<year>0</year>
				<month>0</month>
				<day>1</day>
			</pubdate>
			<pubdate>
				<type>gregorian</type>
				<year>2026</year>
				<month>7</month>
				<day>1</day>
			</pubdate>
			<volume>14</volume>
			<number>7</number>
			<publish_type>online</publish_type>
			<publish_edition>1</publish_edition>
			<article_type>fulltext</article_type>
			<articleset><article>
				<language>en</language>
				<article_id_issn></article_id_issn>
				<article_id_issn_online></article_id_issn_online>
				<article_id_pubmed></article_id_pubmed>
				<article_id_pii></article_id_pii>
				<article_id_doi></article_id_doi>
				<article_id_iranmedex></article_id_iranmedex>
				<article_id_magiran></article_id_magiran>
				<article_id_sid></article_id_sid>
				<title_fa></title_fa>
				<title>A Multidimensional Risk Factor Analysis of Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections: Bridging Clinical, Behavioral, and Socioeconomic Determinants in an Iranian Pediatric Population</title>
				<subject_fa></subject_fa>
				<subject></subject>
				<content_type_fa></content_type_fa>
				<content_type>original article</content_type>
				<abstract_fa><![CDATA[]]></abstract_fa>
				<abstract><![CDATA[Background: UTI remains a leading bacterial infection with potential for severe long-term morbidity, including renal scarring, hypertension, and CKD. The identification of modifiable risk factors is essential for targeted prevention. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate factors associated with pediatric UTI in a hospital setting in Sabzevar, Iran.Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) remains a leading bacterial infection in children, with the potential for severe long-term morbidity, including renal scarring, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. The identification of modifiable risk factors is essential for targeted prevention. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate factors associated with pediatric UTI in a hospital setting in Sabzevar, Iran.Methods: This case-control study enrolled 150 children under 16 years hospitalized with confirmed UTI and 150 age-matched controls hospitalized for non-UTI conditions. Data on demographic, socioeconomic, clinical, and behavioral variables were extracted from medical records and structured parental interviews. Statistical analyses included independent t-tests, Chi-square, and Fisher&#039;s exact tests, with significance set at p &lt; 0.05. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated from univariate analyses.Results: Among UTI cases, 120 (80%) were female and 30 (20%) male (mean age: 5.0 ± 1.8 years). Significant factors associated with UTI included female sex (p &lt; 0.001), improper perineal hygiene (p &lt; 0.001), uncircumcised status in males (p &lt; 0.001), vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) (p &lt; 0.001), constipation (p = 0.009), neurogenic bladder (p &lt; 0.001), lack of toilet training (p &lt; 0.001), tight underwear use (p &lt; 0.001), bathtub use (p = 0.003), catheterization (p = 0.007), low socioeconomic status (SES) (p &lt; 0.001), rural residence (p &lt; 0.001), growth disorder (p &lt; 0.001), prior UTI history (p &lt; 0.001), family history of kidney stones (p = 0.001), and positive C-reactive protein (p &lt; 0.001). Maternal education (p = 0.06) and labial adhesion (p = 1.00) showed no significant association.Conclusion: Beyond established anatomical and physiological factors, socioeconomic status, hygiene practices, and behavioral patterns significantly contribute to pediatric UTI. Early identification and targeted educational interventions addressing these modifiable risks are critical to reducing recurrent infections and long-term renal complications.]]></abstract>
				<keyword_fa></keyword_fa>
				<keyword>Children, Hygiene, Iran, Risk factors, Socioeconomic factors, Urinary tract infection</keyword>
				<start_page>20226</start_page>
				<end_page>20234</end_page>
				<web_url>https://jpp.mums.ac.ir/article_28180.html</web_url>
			<author_list><author>
				<first_name>Mahboubeh</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Neamatshahi</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>mahneamatshahi@yahoo.com</email>
				<code>123896</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Marjan</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Razghandi</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>razghandimarjan@yahoo.com</email>
				<code>123897</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Ramin</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Shahraeini</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>raminasghar1376@gmail.com</email>
				<code>123898</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Aghil</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Keykhosravi</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>drakeykhosravi@yahoo.com</email>
				<code>123895</code>
				<coreauthor>Yes</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author></author_list>
				</article><article>
				<language>en</language>
				<article_id_issn></article_id_issn>
				<article_id_issn_online></article_id_issn_online>
				<article_id_pubmed></article_id_pubmed>
				<article_id_pii></article_id_pii>
				<article_id_doi></article_id_doi>
				<article_id_iranmedex></article_id_iranmedex>
				<article_id_magiran></article_id_magiran>
				<article_id_sid></article_id_sid>
				<title_fa></title_fa>
				<title>Association Between the History of Maternal Nutritional Status in the First Trimester and Stunting: A Case-Control Study in Indonesia</title>
				<subject_fa></subject_fa>
				<subject></subject>
				<content_type_fa></content_type_fa>
				<content_type>original article</content_type>
				<abstract_fa><![CDATA[]]></abstract_fa>
				<abstract><![CDATA[Background: This study aimed to analyze the association between maternal nutritional status during the first trimester of pregnancy and the incidence of stunting among infants aged 0–24 months in the working areas of Jember Regency Community Health Centers. Materials and Methods: A retrospective case-control design was employed, involving 104 families. Participants included 52 families in the case group (infants with stunting) and 52 in the control group (infants without stunting), selected via stratified random sampling from three sub-districts prioritized for stunting reduction. Maternal nutritional status was evaluated using historical Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) records extracted from Maternal and Child Health (MCH) books, an approach that effectively minimized recall bias.Results: Chi-square analysis (p&lt;0.05) revealed that 71.15% of mothers in the case group had a MUAC &lt;23.5 cm during their first trimester, whereas 57.69% in the control group had a normal MUAC (≥23.5 cm). A significant association was found between first-trimester maternal nutritional status and stunting (p=0.003; OR=3.364; 95% CI=1.490–7.591).Conclusion: Maternal nutritional status during the first trimester is significantly associated with infant stunting. Mothers experiencing malnutrition during this critical period have a 3.36 times greater risk of having stunted infants compared to well-nourished mothers.]]></abstract>
				<keyword_fa></keyword_fa>
				<keyword>Aged 0&amp;ndash, 24, First trimester, Infants, Maternal nutritional status, Stunting</keyword>
				<start_page>20235</start_page>
				<end_page>20244</end_page>
				<web_url>https://jpp.mums.ac.ir/article_28140.html</web_url>
			<author_list><author>
				<first_name>Sefira</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Wulandari</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>222310101021@mail.unej.ac.id</email>
				<code>123705</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Nursing Study Program, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Jember, Jember, Indonesia.</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Tantut</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Susanto</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>tantut_s.psik@unej.ac.id</email>
				<code>123706</code>
				<coreauthor>Yes</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Department of Community, Family &amp; Geriatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Jember, Jember, Indonesia.</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Fahruddin</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Kurdi</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>fahruddinkurdi@gmail.com</email>
				<code>123707</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Department of Community, Family &amp; Geriatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Jember, Jember, Indonesia.</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author></author_list>
				</article><article>
				<language>en</language>
				<article_id_issn></article_id_issn>
				<article_id_issn_online></article_id_issn_online>
				<article_id_pubmed></article_id_pubmed>
				<article_id_pii></article_id_pii>
				<article_id_doi></article_id_doi>
				<article_id_iranmedex></article_id_iranmedex>
				<article_id_magiran></article_id_magiran>
				<article_id_sid></article_id_sid>
				<title_fa></title_fa>
				<title>Effectiveness of Peer Education on Self-Care Behaviors and Glycemic Control in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)</title>
				<subject_fa></subject_fa>
				<subject></subject>
				<content_type_fa></content_type_fa>
				<content_type>original article</content_type>
				<abstract_fa><![CDATA[]]></abstract_fa>
				<abstract><![CDATA[Background: Adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) often struggle with maintaining optimal self-care and glycemic control. Peer education, leveraging support from individuals with similar experiences, is a promising strategy for improving health behaviors in chronic conditions.Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured peer education program on self-care behaviors and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in adolescents with T1D.Methods: In a randomized controlled trial, 62 adolescents (aged 12-18 years) with T1D and baseline HbA1c &gt;7.5% were recruited from a single center (Ali Asghar Hospital, Zahedan, Iran) in 2024-2025. Participants were randomized into an intervention group (receiving a 12-week program of four 90-minute peer-led educational sessions) and a control group (receiving routine care). Outcomes were measured at baseline and 12 weeks using the validated Persian version of the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) questionnaire and HbA1c tests. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics (version 26) and included paired and independent t-tests. This research was supported by Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.Results: All participants completed the study. The intervention group showed a significant improvement in self-care scores (from 65.7 ± 9.9 to 79.2 ± 11.0, p &lt; 0.001) and a significant reduction in HbA1c levels (from 9.4 ± 1.3% to 8.1 ± 0.9%, p &lt; 0.001). No significant changes were observed in the control group for either outcome. Conclusions: A structured peer education program significantly improved self-care behaviors and glycemic control in adolescents with T1D within this trial context, suggesting it may be a valuable adjunct to conventional care. However, the findings should be interpreted considering the study&#039;s limitations, including its single-center design, relatively]]></abstract>
				<keyword_fa></keyword_fa>
				<keyword>Adolescents, Glycemic control, HbA1c, Peer Education, self-care, Type 1 diabetes</keyword>
				<start_page>20245</start_page>
				<end_page>20255</end_page>
				<web_url>https://jpp.mums.ac.ir/article_28231.html</web_url>
			<author_list><author>
				<first_name>Maryam</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Nakhaee Moghadam</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>maryamnakhaey@yahoo.com</email>
				<code>124133</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Children and Adolescents Health Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Science in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Elham</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Shafighi Shahri</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>eshahri@yahoo.com</email>
				<code>124132</code>
				<coreauthor>Yes</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Children and Adolescents Health Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Science in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Mohadeseh</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Keykhanasab</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>dr.m.keykha@gmail.com</email>
				<code>124134</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Resident of Pediatric Department, Zahedan University Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author></author_list>
				</article><article>
				<language>en</language>
				<article_id_issn></article_id_issn>
				<article_id_issn_online></article_id_issn_online>
				<article_id_pubmed></article_id_pubmed>
				<article_id_pii></article_id_pii>
				<article_id_doi></article_id_doi>
				<article_id_iranmedex></article_id_iranmedex>
				<article_id_magiran></article_id_magiran>
				<article_id_sid></article_id_sid>
				<title_fa></title_fa>
				<title>The Effects of N-Acetyl-L-Leucine on the Symptoms in Patients with Spinocerebellar Ataxia: A Four-Case Experimental Study</title>
				<subject_fa></subject_fa>
				<subject></subject>
				<content_type_fa></content_type_fa>
				<content_type>original article</content_type>
				<abstract_fa><![CDATA[]]></abstract_fa>
				<abstract><![CDATA[Background &amp; Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of N-acetyl-L-leucine (NALL) supplementation on motor symptoms and quality of life (QOL) in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). Due to the lack of effective treatments for this disorder and previous evidence suggesting potential neuroprotective effects of this compound, investigating its efficacy could be a crucial step toward improving clinical outcomes.Methods: This study was a four-case experimental study with a cross-over design involving children with SCA. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two treatment sequences: the intervention-placebo sequence, or the placebo–intervention sequence. During the first phase, one group received NALL supplementation while the other received a placebo over four weeks. Following a four-week washout period, the treatment sequences were switched between the two groups. Patients were evaluated using standard measures including SARA, SCAFI, and the PedsQL QOL questionnaire at baseline and the end of each phase. A fasting blood sample was taken from all participants at each stage of the study. Additionally, adverse drug reactions were assessed after each intervention to monitor safety.Results: Four girls with SCA, with an average age of 12.25±2.87 years, completed the study. The findings suggested improvements in the Total SARA Score, physical functioning as reported by the parents, and psychosocial health as reported by the child. The study showed that administering 2-4 grams of NALL per day over a four-week period to these patients did not result in any adverse effects. Conclusion: Short-term NALL supplementation appeared safe and well tolerated in this small series. The trends towards improvement in certain measures, along with positive individual clinical responses, highlight the need for larger, longer-term, and more rigorously controlled trials.]]></abstract>
				<keyword_fa></keyword_fa>
				<keyword>N-acetyl-L-leucine, Neurodegenerative disease, Motor symptoms, Quality of life, Spinocerebellar ataxia</keyword>
				<start_page>20256</start_page>
				<end_page>20267</end_page>
				<web_url>https://jpp.mums.ac.ir/article_28230.html</web_url>
			<author_list><author>
				<first_name>Amirhossein</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Sahebkar</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>amir_saheb2000@yahoo.com</email>
				<code>124126</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Applied Biomedical Research Center, Basic Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.|Centre for Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India.|Center for Innovation and Inclusive Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.|Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Mehran</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Beiraghi Toosi</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>beiraghitm1@gmail.com</email>
				<code>124127</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Rare Pediatric Neurological Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Mohammadreza</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Nikbakht</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>mohammadrn7612@gmail.com</email>
				<code>124128</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Endoscopic and Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.|Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Saeed</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Akhlaghi</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>akhlaghis1@mums.ac.ir</email>
				<code>124129</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Rojin</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Shirzad</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>rozhinshirzad99@gmail.com</email>
				<code>124130</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Endoscopic and Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.|Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Maryam</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Saberi-Karimian</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>maryamsabery2012@gmail.com</email>
				<code>124131</code>
				<coreauthor>Yes</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author></author_list>
				</article><article>
				<language>en</language>
				<article_id_issn></article_id_issn>
				<article_id_issn_online></article_id_issn_online>
				<article_id_pubmed></article_id_pubmed>
				<article_id_pii></article_id_pii>
				<article_id_doi></article_id_doi>
				<article_id_iranmedex></article_id_iranmedex>
				<article_id_magiran></article_id_magiran>
				<article_id_sid></article_id_sid>
				<title_fa></title_fa>
				<title>Prevalence of Pneumonia among Children Aged 4–11 Years Diagnosed with Nephrotic Syndrome and Hospitalized in Educational Therapeutic Hospitals in Urmia, Iran: A Retrospective Record-Based Study</title>
				<subject_fa></subject_fa>
				<subject></subject>
				<content_type_fa></content_type_fa>
				<content_type>original article</content_type>
				<abstract_fa><![CDATA[]]></abstract_fa>
				<abstract><![CDATA[Background: Children with nephrotic syndrome (NS) face increased infection risk due to immune dysregulation and immunosuppressive therapy. Pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity, but region-specific data from Iran are limited. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of pneumonia and its associated factors among hospitalized children with NS in Urmia, Iran.Methods: A retrospective record-based study was conducted at educational therapeutic hospitals in Urmia, including children aged 4–11 years with confirmed NS hospitalized between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2024. Pneumonia was defined using standardized World Health Organization (WHO) chest radiograph criteria, including the presence of new infiltrates, consolidation, or pleural effusion, accompanied by clinical features such as fever (≥38.0°C), tachypnea, cough, and/or oxygen desaturation. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors independently associated with pneumonia.Results: Among 206 children included in the study (median age 7.2 years; 57.3% male), the overall prevalence of radiologically confirmed pneumonia was 20.4% (95% CI: 15.1–26.6%). Community-acquired pneumonia accounted for 73.8% of cases, while nosocomial pneumonia accounted for 26.2%. The prevalence was significantly higher in children aged 4–7 years compared to those aged 8–11 years (26.8% vs. 12.8%, p=0.012) and in steroid-resistant versus steroid-sensitive NS (34.0% vs. 16.0%, p = 0.006). In multivariable analysis, after adjusting for age, sex, relapse frequency, immunosuppressive therapy, vaccination status, length of hospital stay, history of previous lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), and seasonality, younger age (aOR per 1-year increase: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.63–0.93; p=0.006) and higher relapse frequency (aOR per additional relapse: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.12–1.81; p=0.004) remained independently associated with pneumonia. Documented pneumococcal and influenza vaccination rates were low (29.6% and 23.3%, respectively) and likely represent minimum estimates due to incomplete record-keeping.Conclusions: Pneumonia affects one in five hospitalized children with NS in Urmia. Younger age and frequent relapses are independently associated with pneumonia in this population. Suboptimal documented vaccination coverage represents a potentially modifiable target for prevention; however, improved record-keeping is necessary to confirm true coverage rates. Clinicians should maintain a low threshold for diagnosing pneumonia and prioritize vaccination review at every healthcare encounter.]]></abstract>
				<keyword_fa></keyword_fa>
				<keyword>Community-acquired pneumonia, incidence, Nephrotic syndrome, pediatric pneumonia</keyword>
				<start_page>20268</start_page>
				<end_page>20281</end_page>
				<web_url>https://jpp.mums.ac.ir/article_28201.html</web_url>
			<author_list><author>
				<first_name>Yousef</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Mohammadpour</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>mohammadpour.yousef@gmail.com</email>
				<code>123997</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Patient Safety Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Nursing &amp; Midwifery School, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Reza</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Abdollahi</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>rezaabdollahi97@yahoo.com</email>
				<code>123998</code>
				<coreauthor>Yes</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Patient Safety Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Nursing &amp; Midwifery School, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author></author_list>
				</article><article>
				<language>en</language>
				<article_id_issn></article_id_issn>
				<article_id_issn_online></article_id_issn_online>
				<article_id_pubmed></article_id_pubmed>
				<article_id_pii></article_id_pii>
				<article_id_doi></article_id_doi>
				<article_id_iranmedex></article_id_iranmedex>
				<article_id_magiran></article_id_magiran>
				<article_id_sid></article_id_sid>
				<title_fa></title_fa>
				<title>The History, Importance, and Challenges of Pediatric Toxicology (A Review Article)</title>
				<subject_fa></subject_fa>
				<subject></subject>
				<content_type_fa></content_type_fa>
				<content_type>review article</content_type>
				<abstract_fa><![CDATA[]]></abstract_fa>
				<abstract><![CDATA[Pediatric clinical toxicology represents a dynamic and evolving field that merges pediatric medicine, pharmacology, and emergency care. Globally, pediatric poisonings remain among the top drivers of emergency department visits, hospital admissions, and avoidable morbidity. This discipline addresses diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive strategies for poisonings in children, reflecting the unique physiological and pharmacokinetic profiles that differentiate them from adults. The present review consolidates the historical milestones, clinical advancements, educational strategies, and credible resources. It also addresses the challenges and obstacles to the advancement of this field, the specific complexities in this scientific branch, and offers suggestions for paying more attention to the knowledge of pediatric toxicology and helping to advance this branch of science.]]></abstract>
				<keyword_fa></keyword_fa>
				<keyword>Clinical toxicology, History, Knowledge, Morbidity, Pediatric</keyword>
				<start_page>20282</start_page>
				<end_page>20291</end_page>
				<web_url>https://jpp.mums.ac.ir/article_28233.html</web_url>
			<author_list><author>
				<first_name>Anahita</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Alizadeh</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>alizadehan@mums.ac.ir</email>
				<code>124137</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Department of Clinical Toxicology, MTRC (Medical Toxicology Research Center), Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Nafiseh</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Pourbadakhshan</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>pourbadakhshann@mums.ac.ir</email>
				<code>124138</code>
				<coreauthor>Yes</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Clinical Research Development Unit of Akbar Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author></author_list>
				</article>
			</articleset>
			</journal>