Journal of Pediatric Perspectives

What are Stem Cells?

Ahmadshah Farhat; Ashraf Mohammadzadeh; M Rezaie

Volume 2, Issue 2.3 , May 2014, , Pages 1-1

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2650

Abstract

Stem cells are undifferentiated self regenerating multi potential cells. There are three types of stem cells categories by the ability to form after cells and correlated with ... Read More Stem cells are undifferentiated self regenerating multi potential cells. There are three types of stem cells categories by the ability to form after cells and correlated with the body’s development process. Totipotent: these stem cells can form an entire organism such as fertilized egg. Ploripotent: ploripotent cells are those that can form any cell in the body but cannot form an entire organism such as developing embryo’s totipotent cells become ploripotent Multipotent: Multi potent stem cells are those that can only form specific cells in the body such as blood cells based. Based on the sources of stem cells we have three types of these cells: Autologous: Sources of the patient own cells are (Autologous) either the cells from patient own body or his or her cord blood. For this type of transplant the physician now usually collects the periphery rather than morrow because the procedure is easier on like a bane morrow harvest it take place outside of an operating room, and the patient does not to be under general unsetting . Allogenic: Sources of stem cells from another donore are primarily relatives (familial allogenic) or completely unrelated donors. Xenogenic: In these stem cells from different species are transplanted e .g striatal porcine fetal mesan cephalic (FVM) xenotransplants for Parkinson’s disease. On sites of isolation such as embryo, umbilical cord and other body tissues stem cells are named embnyonic, cord blood, and adult stem cells. The scope of results and clinical application of stem cells are such as: Neurodegenerative conditions (MS,ALS, Parkinson’s, Stroke), Ocular disorders- Glaucoma, retinitis Pigmentosa (RP), Auto Immune Conditions (Lupus, MS,R. arthritis, Diabetes, etc), Viral Conditions (Hepatitis C and AIDS), Heart Disease, Adrenal Disorders, Injury(Nerve, Brain, etc), Anti aging (hair, skin, weight control, overall well being/preventive), Emotional disorders, Organ / Tissue Cancers, Blood cancers, Blood diseases (Wiscott Aldrich’s, Syndrome, etc), We know that one cell produce all cells. We have one dream that one cell can treat all disease? Key words: Multi potential cells, Stem cells.

Cord Blood

Saeed Abroun

Volume 2, Issue 2.3 , May 2014, , Pages 2-2

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2651

Abstract

Stem cells are naïve or master cells. This means they can transform into special 200 cell types as needed by body, and each of these cells has just one function. Stem cells ... Read More Stem cells are naïve or master cells. This means they can transform into special 200 cell types as needed by body, and each of these cells has just one function. Stem cells are found in many parts of the human body, although some sources have richer concentrations than others. Some excellent sources of stem cells, such as bone marrow, peripheral blood, cord blood, other tissue stem cells and human embryos, which last one are controversial and their use can be illegal in some countries. Cord blood is a sample of blood taken from a newborn baby's umbilical cord. It is a rich source of stem cells, umbilical cord blood and tissue are collected from material that normally has no use following a child’s birth. Umbilical cord blood and tissue cells are rich sources of stem cells, which have been used in the treatment of over 80 diseases including leukemia, lymphoma and anemia as bone marrow stem cell potency. The most common disease category has been leukemia. The next largest group is inherited diseases. Patients with lymphoma, myelodysplasia and severe aplastic anemia have also been successfully transplanted with cord blood. Cord blood is obtained by syringing out the placenta through the umbilical cord at the time of childbirth, after the cord has been detached from the newborn. Collecting stem cells from umbilical blood and tissue is ethical, pain-free, safe and simple. When they are needed to treat your child later in life, there will be no rejection or incompatibility issues, as the procedure will be using their own cells. In contrast, stem cells from donors do have these potential problems. By consider about cord blood potency, cord blood banks (familial or public) were established. In IRAN, four cord blood banks has activity, Shariati BMT center cord blood bank, Royan familial cord blood banks, Royan public cord blood banks and Iranian Blood Transfusion Organ cord blood banks. Despite 50,000 sample which storage in these banks, but the user centers are few, we hope in all providence the transplantation center will establish by good activity to improve social welfare. Key words: Bone marrow, Cord blood, Peripheral blood.

Cell Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease

Hoda Madani

Volume 2, Issue 2.3 , May 2014, , Pages 3-3

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2652

Abstract

Recently, cell therapy has sparked a revolution in ischemic heart disease that will in the future help clinicians to cure patients. Earlier investigations in animal models and ... Read More

Nuclear Architecture and Epigenetics of Lineage Choice

Volume 2, Issue 2.3 , May 2014, , Pages 4-4

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2653

Abstract

Differentiation is an epigenetic process which is installed by changes of transcriptional programs over successive cellular divisions. A number of studies have reported the effects ... Read More

Stem ‍Cells in Glaucoma Management

Ramin Daneshvar

Volume 2, Issue 2.3 , May 2014, , Pages 6-6

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2655

Abstract

Glaucoma is the leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide. Despite tremendous advances in medical and surgical management of glaucoma in the recent years, the prevalence of glaucoma ... Read More

Keratin 13 is a more specific marker of conjunctival epithelium than keratin 19

Siamak Zarei-Ghanavati1; Arturo Ramirez-Miranda; Martin N. Nakatsu2; Christine V. Nguyen; Sophie X. Deng

Volume 2, Issue 2.3 , May 2014, , Pages 7-7

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2656

Abstract

Introduction To evaluate the expression patterns of cytokeratin (K) 12, 13, and 19 in normal epithelium of the human ocular surface to determine whether K13 could be used as a marker ... Read More Introduction To evaluate the expression patterns of cytokeratin (K) 12, 13, and 19 in normal epithelium of the human ocular surface to determine whether K13 could be used as a marker for conjunctival epithelium. Methods: Total RNA was isolated from the human conjunctiva and central cornea. Those transcripts that had threefolds or higher expression levels in the conjunctiva than the cornea were identified using microarray technique. Expression levels of three known signature genes and of two conjunctival genes, K13 and K19 were confirmed by using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT–PCR). Protein expression of K12, K13, and K19 was confirmed by immunostaining with specific antibodies on histologic sections of human sclerocornea that contained the conjunctiva, limbus, and cornea and on impression cytology (IC) specimens of the cornea and conjunctiva from normal donors. Double staining of K13/K12 and K19/K12 on histologic sections and IC specimens was performed. Results: There were 337 transcripts that were preferentially expressed in the conjunctiva. K13 and K19 were among the top twenty transcripts in the conjunctiva and this preferential expression pattern of K13 and K19 was confirmed by qRT– PCR. Immunohistochemical studies showed that K13 was expressed at the posterior limbal epithelium and conjunctival epithelium but was totally absent in the cornea. K12 was expressed in the corneal and anterior limbal epithelia except for the basal layer and was absent from the conjunctiva. In contrast, K19 was detected in the corneal, limbal and conjunctival epithelia. Immunostaining of the IC specimens showed K12+ epithelial cells in the corneal region, K13+ cells in the conjunctival area, and K19+ cells in the corneal and conjunctival specimens. Expression of K13 and K12 on the ocular surface was mutually exclusive on both the histologic and IC samples using double immunostaining. Conclusions: K13 is more specific to the conjunctival epithelial cells than K19 and potentially could be used as a marker to identify conjunctival epithelial cells in limbal stem cell deficiency. Key Words: Keratin 13, Keratin 19, Stem cell.

Cell based therapies in retinal diseases

Touka Banaee

Volume 2, Issue 2.3 , May 2014, , Pages 8-8

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2657

Abstract

Background Degenerative retinal diseases, including age related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and hereditary retinal dystrophies are major causes of blindness. The principal defect ... Read More

Stem Cell Therapy: the ethical issues

Jalil Tavakol Afshari

Volume 2, Issue 2.3 , May 2014, , Pages 9-9

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2658

Abstract

The ability to culture human stem cells long term, and possibly indefinitely, and to control how such cells specialise to form the different tissues of the body offers the possibility ... Read More

Ethical Issues in Stem Cell Transplantation

Mohammad Ali Kiani; Mohammad Reza Rasti Sani

Volume 2, Issue 2.3 , May 2014, , Pages 10-10

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2659

Abstract

There is great interest worldwide in discovering and developing a permanent source of tissues which would be capable of generating any cell type and which would avoid the problem of ... Read More There is great interest worldwide in discovering and developing a permanent source of tissues which would be capable of generating any cell type and which would avoid the problem of transplant rejection. Stem cells are cells that can specialize into the many different cells found in the human body. The ethical objections concerning stem cells have focused primarily on their source. Human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research offers great promise of cures for otherwise incurable conditions: spinal cord injuries, ALS, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, etc. While stem cells can be found in the adult human body, the seemingly most potent stem cells come from the first few cells of a human embryo. When the stem cells are removed, the embryo is destroyed. Some people find this practice morally objectionable and would like to put a stop to research and medical procedures that destroy human embryos in the process. The debate about the moral status of the human embryo has focused on the question of whether the embryo should be treated as a person, or, at least, a potential person. If the embryo is so considered, then it will be morally impermissible to use it merely as a means to an end, rather than as an end in itself. This would preclude both embryo research and any other procedure not directed to the benefit of that actual embryo. The removal of cells from an embryo would therefore not be morally permissible, regardless of whether these cells were to be used for the benefit of some other person. The use of human ES cells raises important ethical issues which are primarily concerned with the origin of the cells and the way in which they are derived. The fact that these cells currently involve the use of human embryos and cadaveric fetal tissue means that careful examination of the ethical issues is necessary prior to the progress of research in this field. If the embryo is a human, then it has a right to life. It cannot be destroyed any more than we could intentionally kill a few children to save many others. Key words:Ethical, Stem cell transplantation.

Stem Cells, Simulation and Legal- Juridical Aspects of it

Seyyed Hossein Fattahi Masoom

Volume 2, Issue 2.3 , May 2014, , Pages 11-11

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2660

Abstract

Introduction:First, definition the stem cell refers to those cells that are still not clear and are not equipped for a particular task. These cells have proliferative properties and ... Read More

Gene Delivery to Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Keyhan Azadmanesh; Yousof Gheysari; Babak Negahdari

Volume 2, Issue 2.3 , May 2014, , Pages 12-12

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2661

Abstract

There is increasing trend in using recombinant stem cells as novel therapeutic candidates in different diseases. These studies encompass different applications from targeted homing ... Read More There is increasing trend in using recombinant stem cells as novel therapeutic candidates in different diseases. These studies encompass different applications from targeted homing of Mesenchymal Stromal (stem) Cells (MSC), to arming them with different cytokines. Resistance to transfection or transduction methods had urged researchers to look for better gene delivery alternates and optimizing them. Though chemical transfection methods are usually considered safer than viral gene delivery methods, most of these reagents suffer from low efficiency in lower concentrations and high toxicity in the higher ones. We, as well as other researchers, have reported the best efficiencies with Lipofectamin 2000TM reagent, with up to 50% efficiency in some reports while we have not been able to reach this level. Theoretically low transfection efficiency could be compensated by stably transfecting a cell line followed by long term culture in a selective medium. Usually this approach is not practical for MSC since they should be used within the first few passages after isolation. Indeed, we have previously shown that long-term culture of these cells is associated with chromosomal abnormalities and profound morphological changes. Lentiviral transduction methods have achieved the highest efficiency in delivering foreign genes to MSC ( above 95%in several cases) but the safety concerns has hindered their application in clinical studies. While adeno-associated viral vectors have been used in several gene therapy studies, MSC seem to be resistant to this method. There are reports of high efficiency of adenoviral gene delivery to MSC, though in our hand it was much lower than lentiviruses. Howevere, we found pretreating these cells with valproic acid could increase transduction efficiency of adeno-associated vectors by 2.5 fold, mainly through increasing the expression of its cell surface receptor. In our lab, using lentiviral vectors, we could transduce MSC with the efficiency of more than 90%. In conclusion, we believe that chemical transfection methods such as Lipofectamin 2000TM is a good choice when transduction rate is not a main concern and lentiviral vectors are suitable for a high yield stable gene delivery to these stem cells. Keywords: Mesecnchyal Stromal Cells, Gene Transfere Techniques.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Challenges and Opportunities

Mina Shahriari; Zahra Hejazi; Moein Farshchian; Hojjat Naderi; Hamid Reza Bidkhori; Mahdi Mir-Ahmadi; Saeideh Nakhaei; Maliheh Hasan Zadeh; Mahmood Raees-Al-Mohaddesin; Asiyeh Heirani; Maryam M. Matin; Ahmad Reza Bahrami

Volume 2, Issue 2.3 , May 2014, , Pages 13-13

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2662

Abstract

Regenerative capacity of mammals is limited and can rarely regenerate a specific organ or tissue fully. Due to these limitations, regenerative medicine seeks efficient and safe cell ... Read More

Genetic and Epigenetic landscape of Germline Stem Cells

Moein Farshchian; Mahtab Dastpak; Maryam M. Matin; Dirk Geerts; Ahmad Reza Bahrami

Volume 2, Issue 2.3 , May 2014, , Pages 14-14

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2663

Abstract

Elucidating the critical epigenetics events involved in differentiation and reprogramming of cells to primordial germ cells (PGCs) is among the interesting issues in stem cell research. Here, ... Read More

Preparation of decellularized three dimentional scaffolds as the model for tissue engineering and their functional assessments in vitro application of blastema tissue

N Mahdavi Shahri; M MoghaddamMatin; M Fereidoni; M BehnamRassouli; A Moghimi; AR Bahrami; MA Namini; S Naderi; M Kheirabadi; F Naseri

Volume 2, Issue 2.3 , May 2014, , Pages 15-15

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2664

Abstract

Tissue engineering is based on three main factors including scaffolds, cells and growth factors. Natural scaffolds derived from decellularized tissues and organs have been successfully ... Read More

Isolation and Cultivation of Adult Human Keratinocyte Stem Cells for Regeneration of Epidermal Sheets

J Movaffagh; A Tabatabaee; MH Amoozegar; SA SajadiTabassi; N Amiri

Volume 2, Issue 2.3 , May 2014, , Pages 16-16

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2665

Abstract

Background: Keratinocyte stem cell is one of the adult stem cells that inhabits the skin and contributes to skin function and renewal. Adult stem cells are best defined by their capacity ... Read More Background: Keratinocyte stem cell is one of the adult stem cells that inhabits the skin and contributes to skin function and renewal. Adult stem cells are best defined by their capacity to self-renew, and to maintain tissue function for a long period of time. These findings indicate the importance of these cells for clinical applications including regenerative medicine, tissue engineering and gene therapy. In full-thickness damage or injury including burns, the cultured epidermal autografts (CEAs) may be placed directly onto muscle or fascia. Methods: A small split thickness skin biopsy (1 12أ—'> 2 cm) was obtained aseptically to isolate stem cells. The biopsy was cut into thin pieces and treated with trypsin at 4° C overnight (cold trypsin method) to obtain a single-cell suspension. The cells were seeded at a density of 3×104 cells/cm2 onto a preformed mitomycine-C treated 3T3 cell as feeder layer in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and other special supplements. Clonogenic keratinocytes divided and colonies quickly expanded and pushed away the 3T3 feeder layer cells, which then detached from the culture vessel and eliminated with medium changes. Primary cultures were usually subcultured when the cells were in exponential growth phase .Colonies of keratinocytes were expanded and after 7-10 days fused and formed a coherent stratified epithelium. Confluent cultured epithelia were detached enzymatically as coherent sheets from the surface of the culture flasks and transferred onto petrolatum- impregnated gauze.Histological studies of cultured epithelium were also carried out. Results: In our experience from 1 cm2 of skin sample, 2,5- 4×106 cells were obtained. It resulted in keratinocytes suspensions which consisted at least 90% single cells. Cultured keratinocytes proliferated and after 8-10 days became confluent. The area of cultured epithelium detached from T-25 and T-75 culture flasks was approximately 12-15 cm2 and 35-40 cm2 respectively. Histological studies showed that 10-day old cultured epithelium had 3-4 cell layers consisting of small basal cells and big scquamous cells with large nucleus. Also in the basal layer few melanocytes with melanin pigments in the cells cytoplasm were found.The 20-day old cultured epithelium had 8-10 layers consisting of small and round basal cells, scquamous cells and 2-3 layers of keratinized cells. Conclusion: Culture of keratinocyte stem cells could result in multilayer epithelium that creates a good cosmetic appearance upon transplantation. This could re-generate an epidermis that is resistant to trauma and infections. It can be considered as an appropriate substitution in skin loss conditions. Keywords: Epidermal Sheets, Skin Adult Stem cells, Keratinocyte.

Comparative analysis of the Gene expression profile of Chemokine Receptors between Adipose-derived and Bone marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Hamid Reza Bidkhori; Moien Farshchian; Asieh Heirani-Tabasi; Hojjat Naderi-Meshkin1; Mahtab Dastpak; Naghmeh Ahmadian Kia; Ahmad Reza Bahrami; Maryam M. Matin

Volume 2, Issue 2.3 , May 2014, , Pages 17-17

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2666

Abstract

Introduction: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great promise in the field of regenerative medicine.Although originally isolated from bone marrow, MSCs have since been obtained from ... Read More

Strategies to Improve Homing of Stem Cells to achieve better Efficacy in Stem Cell Therapy

Hojjat Naderi-Meshkin; Ahmad Reza Bahrami; Hamid Reza Bidkhori; Mahdi Mirahmadi; Naghmeh Ahmadiankia

Volume 2, Issue 2.3 , May 2014, , Pages 18-18

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2667

Abstract

Stem/progenitor cell based therapeutic approach in our daily routine clinical practice, has been elusive dream in medical sciences and improvement of stem cell homing as one of major ... Read More Stem/progenitor cell based therapeutic approach in our daily routine clinical practice, has been elusive dream in medical sciences and improvement of stem cell homing as one of major challenges in cell therapy programs, has been considered a promising milestone. It has been proved that stem/progenitor cells exhibit a homing response to injured tissues/organs, mediated by interactions of chemokine receptors expressed on the cells and chemokines secreted by the injured tissue. For improvement of directed homing of the cells, many techniques have been developed either to engineer stem/progenitor cells with higher amount of chemokine receptors (stem cell-based strategies) or to modulate the target tissues to release higher level of the corresponding chemokines (target tissue-based strategies). Treatment with chemical compounds, preconditioning of the cells with hypoxia, cytokine and growth factor priming of the cells, genetic modifications, coating of cell surface with antibodies, glycoengineering, coating of stem cells with homing ligands by streptavidin linkers are some of strategies to increase the ability of stem cells to respond to the migratory stimuli. On the other side to modulate target sites to be more attractive for stem cells, some strategies like direct injection of chemokines, direct transfection of the target tissue with chemokine encoding genes, injection of ectopic chemokine expressing cells, application of scaffolds, electrical fields and low level laser have been introduced. These extensive investigations have provided significant potentials to enhance targeted stem/progenitor cells homing. Meanwhile there are still some limitations to apply these findings in clinics. To overcome these limitations, further studies should be aimed, unveiling the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying endogenous cell trafficking during physiological and pathological events like embryogenesis, inflammation, wound healing, or cancer metastasis. Keywords: Cell therapy, Homing, Stem cells.

Pretreatment of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Stromal-derived Factor-1α Delivery from Chitosan-based Injectable Hydrogels for Better Cell Guidance and Retention

Hojjat Naderi-Meshkin; Maryam M. Matin; Asieh Heirani-Tabasi; Maliheh Hasanzadeh; Mina Shahryari; Naghmeh Ahmadiankia; Mahmood Raisolmohaddesin; Nasser Sanjar Moussavi; Hamid Reza Bidkhori; Mahmoud Hosseini; Ahmad Reza Bahrami

Volume 2, Issue 2.3 , May 2014, , Pages 19-19

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2668

Abstract

Clinical applications of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) rely on their capacity to home and engraft in the appropriate target tissues for a long time. Homing and engraftment capacity ... Read More Clinical applications of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) rely on their capacity to home and engraft in the appropriate target tissues for a long time. Homing and engraftment capacity of these stem cells depend on the expression of Chemokines and their receptors. Ex vivo expanded MSCs exhibit homing potential when grafted to injury tissue but their homing efficiency has been observed very poor because of modifications in homing receptor expression and/or functions during culture and/or preparation steps. Hence, this study was designed to investigate the expression of surface CXCR4 by flow cytometric analysis (FACS) and in vitro modified Boyden chamber assay in adipose-derive MSCs (ASCs) stimulated with a hypoxia mimicking agents such as desferrioxamine mesilate (DFX), cobalt chloride (CoCl2), lithium chloride (LiCl), valproic acid (VPA) and hypoxia. Intracellular CXCR4 were also evaluated by conventional and real-time PCR. Then we evaluated the homing ability of DFX-pretreated human DiI-labeled ASCs in vivo, 2 weeks after intravenous (IV), local infusion towards subcutaneously implanted chitosan-glycerophophate-hydroxyethyl cellulose (CH-GP-HEC) injectable hydrogels releasing SDF1 in dorsum of Wistar Rats. Presence of human ASCs in the CH-GP-HEC injectable, spleen, and lung were analyzed histologically by fluorescent microscope, and also quantified by PCR for human specific CXCR4 gene, 2 weeks after transplantation in recipients' Rats. Results showed that short-term (24 hours) pretreatment to ASCs with the hypoxia mimicking agents up-regulate the CXCR4, increase in vitro migration capacity toward 100ng/ml SDF-1 (P<0.001) and in vivo homing capacity to the implanted CH-GP-HEC injectable hydrogel releasing SDF1. Fluorescence microscopic examination disclosed enhanced local accumulation of fluorescence-labeled ASCs in CH-GP-HEC in the DFX-pretreated group at 16th post-transplantation day. These results suggest that the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis plays an important role in the regulation of motility of ASCs, and increased expression of CXCR4 might be a potential strategy to improve homing and engraftment of ASCs towards SDF1 released by injectable hydrogels in different lesions. Keywords: Chemotactic recruitment, Guided homing, Stem cells therapy.

Recent Technological Advances in Hepatogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells Relevant to Treatment of Liver Diseases

Abdolamir Allameh

Volume 2, Issue 2.3 , May 2014, , Pages 20-20

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2669

Abstract

Liver failure, in an acute or chronic form, is a growing health problem ranking as one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Inborn errors of metabolism characterized by defects ... Read More Liver failure, in an acute or chronic form, is a growing health problem ranking as one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Inborn errors of metabolism characterized by defects in hepatic enzymes or other proteins with metabolic functions, such as receptors or transporters accompanied with environmental factors involve etiology and presentation of liver failure. Currently, the only established long-term successful treatment for these conditions is Orthotropic Liver Transplantation (OLT) with long-waiting lists of patients to be transplanted. In recent years, cellular therapy using human hepatocytes is being evaluated worldwide as an alternative to organ transplantation in patients with liver failure. Besides, scientists are trying to modify stem cells and their progenitor cells to improve their efficacy for treatment and repair of damaged tissue. The cell-based therapies have been a particularly active area of investigation in recent years. Experimental studies showed that transplantation of MSC-derived hepatocytes as well as MSC to a mice model of liver failure can effectively contribute to liver regeneration and rescue animals from liver failure Clinical trials with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) using autologous bone marrow cell fusion (ABMI) therapy in patient suffering with cirrhosis show improvement of liver function. Hepatocyte transplantation method has been performed for indications such as, acute liver failure (ALF), end-stage liver disease, and inborn errors of metabolism. The cell based therapy for liver diseases comprises of two stages, firstly, the cell isolation and preparation, secondly, the transplantation stage. The protocols used for cell preparation and infusion from peripheral vein have been successfully performed in animal models as well as clinical trials. In recent years using tissue engineering protocols, 3D scaffolds of different composition have been prepared which support MSC proliferation and differentiation into active hepatocytes. The biocompatible nanofibrousbiomatrix scaffolds that support and enhance stem cell proliferation and differentiation are useful for transplantation and development of bioartificial liver system. Very recently scientists focused on decellularization of the liver organ and cell seeding of whole liver which is implicated for transplantation. The advantages and disadvantages of these protocols will be discussed in this meeting. Keyword: Acute liver failure, Cell therapy, Stem cells.

The Validated Embryionic Stem Cell Test to Predict Embryotoxicityinvitro

Leila Etemad

Volume 2, Issue 2.3 , May 2014, , Pages 21-21

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2670

Abstract

Backgrounds: A straight-forward way to identify whether a drug or environmental chemical can be harmful to unborn baby is to evaluate its effect on laboratory animals. All invivo methods ... Read More

Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Amir Ali Hamidieh

Volume 2, Issue 2.3 , May 2014, , Pages 22-22

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2671

Abstract

The introduction and evolution of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) could be traced back to 1950s, to the studies on interactions among irradiation, covering spleen and ... Read More The introduction and evolution of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) could be traced back to 1950s, to the studies on interactions among irradiation, covering spleen and bone marrow from it and injection of bone marrow cells. Today, HSCT is considered a well-established, effective and promising means of therapy for various malignant and non-malignant medical conditions, both in children and adult patients and it is no longer restricted by limited sources of HSCs, donor pools or explicit need for matched family members. Annual number of pediatric HSCTs has been increasing over past two decades and while its growth has become steadier since 2002. Household size and consanguineous marriages in the Middle East means that many pediatric candidates of HSCT can suitable donors among their siblings; however, both of these contributing factors are gradually declining in the region. Iran has been experiencing slower population growth and smaller household sizes since twenty years ago. Hence, according to statements on EMBMT website, Iranian Stem Cell Donor Program (ISCDP) has started its activity in 2010 and has joined Bone Marrow Donors Worldwide (BMDW), in an effort to maximize chances of finding HLA-matched donors in countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office (EMRO) of World Health Organization (WHO) and beyond. Total body irradiation (TBI) has been used in conditioning from the beginnings of HSCT; however various experiments with non-TBI conditioning regimens have shown an alternative path. Although numerous studies on pediatric HSCT have been published, most patients have had a component of irradiation in their regimens. Long-term detrimental consequences of HSCT, particularly those attributed to TBI, have been continuously studied; endocrine and metabolic abnormalities, growth retardation and short stature and neurocognitive sequel are but a few of these sequel , especially among pediatric recipients. Compared to other studies, non-malignant indications for HSCT constitute a greater proportion of performed HSCTs in Iran; inherited abnormalities of RBCs and thalassemia in particular are responsible for this disparity in part. Keyword: Hematopoietic Stem Cell, Transplantation.

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Thalassemia

Ali Ghasemi

Volume 2, Issue 2.3 , May 2014, , Pages 23-23

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2672

Abstract

Thalassemia is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with defective synthesis of the α- or β-chain of hemoglobin. For β-thalassemia major patients, therapeutic ... Read More Thalassemia is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with defective synthesis of the α- or β-chain of hemoglobin. For β-thalassemia major patients, therapeutic options are either monthly red cell transfusions and chelation therapy or allogeneic stem cell transplant. Stem cell transplant is the only curative approach and success is inversely correlated with the degree of iron overload and hepatic damage. Without transfusions, thalassemic patients have tremendous skeleton deformities, as well as hepatomegaly and splenomegaly due to expansion of the hematopoietic system with extramedullary hematopoiesis. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation (HSCT) in thalassemia has been a cornerstone in the development of HSCT. The rational basis of HSCT in thalassemia consists of substituting the thalassemic HSC bearing ineffective erythropoiesis with an allogeneic one capable of effective erythropoiesis. This cellular replacement therapy is not limited to the diseased erythropoietic component, but leads to the replacement of the entire hematopoietic system. Nevertheless, it is an efficient way to obtain a long-lasting, probably permanent, clinically effective correction of hemolytic anemia, thus avoiding transfusion requirements and associated complications . The transplantation approach for a nonmalignant disease is much different from transplantation in malignancies. In the former setting, the detrimental immunologic proprieties [GVHD] of the engrafted HSC are not balanced by an antimalignancy effect. This characteristic must be always considered in determining the risk/benefit ratio and therapeutic decision such as the kind and intensity of the conditioning regimen, GVHD prophylaxis, source of HSC, and adoptive posttransplant therapies. The Pesaro group developed a prognostic scheme to predict transplant outcome in patients younger than age 17. This prognostic scheme included three variables all related to iron burden: quality of chelation received for the entire life before transplantation; hepatomegaly; and the presence of liver fibrosis at pretransplant hepatic biopsy examination. These variables stratified patients into three groups based on them having none, or one/two, or all three of the risk factors. Overall survival and thalassemia-free survival were significantly different in the three groups: 94% and 87% in the low-risk group, 84% and 81% in the intermediate-risk group, and 70% and 58% in the high-risk group, respectively. The rate of rejection/thalassemia recurrence was much higher in thalassemic patients than in patients transplanted because of malignancies. Several factors have been invoked to explain this difference: massive pretransplant exposure to blood products, not having received any chemotherapy before transplant, expanded erythropoietic marrow, and possibly splenomegaly. Key Words: Hematopoietic, Stem cell, Thalassemi.

Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) is the Main Cureavailable for Thalassamia

Hassan Mahmoodi Nesheli

Volume 2, Issue 2.3 , May 2014, , Pages 24-24

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2673

Abstract

Introduction: The thalassamias refer to a diverse group of hemoglobin disorders characterized by a reduced synthesis of one or more of globin chains (α,β, γ, ... Read More

Applications of Cell Therapy in Vascular Surgery

Hassan Ravari

Volume 2, Issue 2.3 , May 2014, , Pages 25-25

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2674

Abstract

Trying to use embryonic stem cells about 20 years ago, working with animals, especially rats began. During these years , many experiments in mouse embryonic stem cells to transform ... Read More Trying to use embryonic stem cells about 20 years ago, working with animals, especially rats began. During these years , many experiments in mouse embryonic stem cells to transform into a variety of cells and transplanting them were led to remarkable success . In the next issue of human stem cells were considered successful until finally in 1998 the first report was published in the proliferation and differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. However, due to the occurrence of some restrictions on the production and use of embryonic stem cells (which are continuing to try to fix them) in the last few years , a new wave of research on adult stem cells began and continue. Adult stem cells in many organs and tissues of the body have been separated, but the important thing is that there are very few of these cells in each tissue in a specific area such as living tissue for years, until the advent of activated textural injury and illness. Adult stem cells found in tissues that are: Bone marrow, peripheral blood, brain, blood vessels, dental pulp, skeletal muscle, skin, liver, pancreas, cornea, retina, gastrointestinal system. Scientists in many laboratories are trying to ensure that adult stem cells into specific cell types in cell culture so that they can use for the treatment of diseases tissue damage. Stem cells can be used to reconstruct the cells or tissues that have been damaged by disease or injury. This type of treatment is known as cellular therapy. The use of cell therapy in multiple areas of vascular surgery is: 1- Chronic limb ischemia. Beginning in 2002, the first report of successful treatment with stem cells in chronic ischemia was reported from Japan. This area rapidly expanded to other countries, and currently has more than fifty percent limb ischemia cell therapy centers in America. In our country, a study was started in 1386 and still continues. Initial reports in the journal of cytotherapy of America were published in 2010. In this study, 15 patients with chronic lower limb ischemia treated with bone marrow stem cells were extracted from the improvement in 80% of patients.2- Diabetes and chronic foot ulcers. Studies in this area are very extensive in the world. Iran also has a very extensive study started. Result of the first study in this area was published in the journal of cytotherapy 2011. In this study, 8 patients with chronic diabetic wounds treated with stem cells derived from bone marrow were, that the percentage of wound healing after 4 weeks in 3 patients, and significant improvement was observed in 5 patients.3- Kidney transplant patients. Almost simultaneously worldwide in several research studies in this area has already begun. In both studies it was observed that patients treated with bone marrow stem cells transplanted kidney was better accepted and the amount of antibodies in the kidney is reduced.4- Lymph edema and venous ulcer disease within the study started in the world but their report has not been published yet. Key Words: Cell therapy, Vascular surgery.

Autologous Stem Cell in CHF(When is more effective?) Intracoronary Administration of Autologous Bone Marrow Stem Cell in Chronic Heart Failure

Farveh Vakilian; Mahmood M. Shabestari; Ali Ghasemi; Ali Eshraghi; Hoda Madani; Hoorak Poorzand; Fereshte Ghaderi; Sara Amini; Mohamad Vejdanparast; Toktam Moghiman; Arash Gholobi; Javad Ramezani; Maryam Salehi

Volume 2, Issue 2.3 , May 2014, , Pages 26-26

https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2014.2675

Abstract

Introduction: We aimed at evaluating the clinical, laboratory and echocardiography effects of intracoronary administration of autologous bone marrow stem cell transplantation in different ... Read More

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Keywords = Oral Presentation

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